Cabinet, who died on August 27, 1908. Under the provisions of his will, his estate will be held in trust for the benefit of the University of Wisconsin. During her lifetime Mrs. Vilas will receive the net income; after her death, with the exception of $30,000 a year for the daughter during her lifetime and a few minor charges, the entire income goes to the university. One-half of the income will be set aside every year and added to the principal until the value of the fund shall reach $20,000,000. After that time one-quarter of the income will be added in like manner until the sum shall be $30,000,000, at which point the accumulation is to cease unless the legislature shall otherwise direct.

Provision is made for the erection of a university theater, to be known as "The Vilas Theater," at a cost of not less than $250,000. This is intended as a meeting place for the student body and will be equipped with lecture halls, reading rooms, and other conveniences. Numerous scholarships, fellowships, and professorships are provided for, and others are to be added from time to time as the increase in the income permits. Important among these provisions is that for the establishment of ten professorships "to promote the advancement of knowledge rather than to give instruction." It is provided that not more than three hours in one week nor more than one hour in one day shall be exacted of these professors for the purpose of teaching or lecturing. They shall be given large opportunities to do original research work for the advancement of learning in any branch of human knowledge to which the regents may assign them.

The provisions of the Vilas will were accepted by the legislature of Wisconsin in 1909.

REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTRANCE TO MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY.

On recommendation of the faculty of the medical department of Western Reserve University, the trustees have voted that beginning with the academic year 1910-11 the requirement for unconditional entrance to the medical department shall be graduation from an approved college or scientific school granting the bachelor's degree (or equivalent) following the completion of a course of at least three collegiate years and including inorganic chemistry, physics, biology, and Latin. Conditional entrance will be granted upon the completion of the work of the junior year in the course of an approved college or scientific school enforcing a four-year course (or equivalent degree), including the subject requirements enumerated above, conditioned upon the student obtaining a baccalaureate degree before he enters the third year in the medical school. (Science, Feb. 5, 1909.)

TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF CLARK UNIVERSITY..

In September, 1909, came to its close at Worcester, Mass., the three weeks' celebration of the twentieth anniversary of Clark University. No martial pomp or splendor marked the occasion, but its proceedings will make the event well known in scientific and educational circles. It was a gathering mainly of professors and scientists of America and Europe, who delivered addresses and then discussed them in conference a method of celebration pronounced unique and admirable. Prof. E. H. Moore, of Chicago, lectured on "Postulational methods in mathematics," followed by Professor Pierpont and Professor Van Vleck. In physics, Prof. Albert Abraham Michelson, of Chicago, and Prof. Ernest Rutherford, of Manchester, England, represented winners of Nobel prizes. Prof. Vito Volterra, of Rome, Italy, lectured on "The theory of electric and luminous waves on elasticity, and on the mechanics of 'heredity."" In psychology, Sigmund Freud, of Vienna, and Dr. C. G. Jung, specialist in psychiatry in the University of Zurich, were prominent. Dr. Leo Burgerstein, of the University of Vienna, a leading authority on school hygiene, gave an interesting lecture on coeducation and hygiene, emphasizing the importance of differentiating secondary education of boys and girls when taught together, and expressed the belief that coeducation is extending in the countries of central Europe. There were other lectures by distinguished scholars of America and Europe. Honorary degrees were conferred upon 21 persons.

STATE REPRESENTATION ON THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, Cornell UNIVERSITY.

An act of the New York State legislature of 1909 provides for the appointment of five trustees of Cornell University by the governor of the State, As the law now stands the composition of the board of trustees is as follows: The governor, lieutenant-governor, speaker of the house of assembly, commissioner of education, president of the State Agricultural Society, commissioner of agriculture, librarian of the Cornell library, and president of Cornell University, ex officio; the eldest lineal male descendant of Ezra Cornell for life; 5 appointed by the governor; 15 elected by the board of trustees; 10 by the alumni of the University; and 1 each year by the executive committee of the New York State Grange.

THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SUMMER SCHOOL.

[From the official report.]

The last session of the University of Virginia Summer School appeared one of the most successful ever assembled in Virginia. There were in attendance 1,144 students who paid for courses, to say nothing of the numerous visitors. Of the students present, 218 were from 24 States other than Virginia. Of this

large number of students only 180 had no teaching experience. There were 301 college graduates and 193 high-school graduates in the student body.

The distinct contribution which the University of Virginia Summer School has made during the last three years toward the improvement in the number and efficiency of well-trained teachers has been through its courses leading toward the professional certificate. This is the only summer school in Virginia which the state department of education allows to offer credits toward professional certificates. Teachers may take certain advanced courses during two or more summer sessions of six weeks each, and if they pass the examinations after doing creditable daily recitation work, they may procure this coveted certificate. There were 294 teachers taking the courses counting toward this certificate.

It is to be noted that the students took what they needed without regard to the difficulty of the courses. For example, there were 325 taking mathematics; 120 taking Latin, some of which was advanced Latin; 118 taking agriculture; while the various courses in education contained 352 students. English, in which most persons are more or less deficient, numbered 433 students, while drawing, which is a comparatively new subject in Virginia, numbered 445. Manual training, which three years ago had only 12 students, enrolled 147. Physics, chemistry, zoology, and botany, which were given with great thoroughness by men distinguished in their line, enrolled 119 students. Several conferences were held during the session. The first of these was the state high-school conference, which has an important work to do in the continuous development of the newly established high schools of the State. This conference was largely attended by public and private high-school men and college professors of the State. The discussions were exceedingly valuable. Quite the most interesting conference, and perhaps the most valuable, was the rural-life conference. These gatherings were held in the afternoon on the lawn and in Cabell Hall at night. Speakers, well known and practical, were assembled from various parts of the country to discuss such topics as good roads, forestry, school and home sanitation, how to reduce the death rate among farm children, improved methods of agriculture, adulteration of foods, improved methods of cooking, and similar problems. These addresses proved so valuable.that it was thought wise to publish them in pamphlet form. Two thousand copies were printed and distributed among the teachers and other citizens. Five hundred copies were placed at the disposal of the State Farmers' Institute, which met in Cabell Hall immediately after the close of the summer school. It is believed that this is one of the ways by which the university has rendered some direct service to the State.

The pleasure of the students was not entirely overlooked. Various plans were wrought out, but one of the most interesting was the picturesque historical pageant commemorating the Fourth of July. Each county and State endeavored to represent its most distinguished historical personages. There were 1,000 in costume, and the line of march was fully one-fourth of a mile long.

ALUMNI REPRESENTATION ON BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

On December 7, 1908, the board of trustees of Columbia University, in the city of New York, took action providing that after January 1, 1909, six places on the board may be filled upon the nomination of the alumni. The nomination shall be made by a nominating committee of the alumni, which shall be composed of representatives

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of alumni associations registered with and accepted by the trustees. Every association is entitled to cast as many votes by its representative or representatives as it has graduate members whose dues for the current year have been paid. The resolution adopted by the trustees provides that the election of an alumni trustee shall not take effect until he shall have filed an irrevocable letter of resignation as alumni trustee, to take effect at the end of six years from the date of his election.

EVENING COURSES OF THE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY.

The Western Reserve University inaugurated in February, 1908, a system of evening courses. Classes meet twice weekly for one and one-half hour periods. The courses are open to any man or woman not regularly registered in any other department of the university, as follows:

1. A graduate of an approved high school, or any person who shall have completed such courses of study as are necessary for admission to Adelbert College or the College for Women, may secure for work done in these evening courses due credit toward a bachelor's degree.

2. A person by maturity and preparation rendered capable of pursuing these courses with profit may do so without credit toward a degree.

3. A person holding a baccalaureate degree may receive for these evening courses credit toward a master's degree.

Since the organization of this system of instruction courses have been given in the following departments of study: Economics, French, German, history, biology, English, philosophy, political science, mathematics, biblical literature, and sociology.

An act of the legislature of Utah, approved March 22, 1909, provides that the government and control of the Agricultural College of Utah shall be vested in a board of nine trustees to be appointed by the governor for terms of four years. Of the members first appointed four shall serve for two years and five for four years.

Prof. John W. Burgess, dean of the faculty of political science of Columbia University, has been appointed also dean of the faculties of philosophy and pure science, thus uniting the three nonprofessional graduate faculties under one administrative head. This arrangement will result undoubtedly in simplification and economy of administration and saving of time to students.

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., from its organization to the present time, has conferred only the bachelor of arts and doctor of philosophy degrees for work done outside of the medical department. The board of trustees have now decided to confer the degree of master of arts to meet the wishes of those graduate students of the university who can not spend the necessary time for completing

the work for the degree of doctor of philosophy. According to the rules adopted, the candidates must have obtained the baccalaureate degree from a college of good standing, and must then have followed courses of university study under proper guidance for at least two years. The academic year immediately preceding the final examinations must be passed in Johns Hopkins University, unless special permission to the contrary is granted for some extraordinary reason.

The trustees of Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis., decided on December 2, 1908, to change the name of the institution to Lawrence College, to drop at the close of the scholastic year 1908-9 the preparatory department and the school of commerce, and to concentrate their efforts upon the college of liberal arts.

The charter of Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa., has been amended by removing the requirement that the officers and members of the board of managers should be members of the religious Society of Friends. (Swarthmore Bulletin, Vol. VI, No. 3.)

The University of Idaho will open a law school in September, 1909. The course of study will extend through three years.

The University of Michigan has established the degree of doctor of law for students in the law department who have already received the bachelor of arts degree. (Michigan Alumnus, March, 1909, p. 224.)

In order to assist the cities of Wisconsin in framing their ordinances by giving them the advantage of information regarding the best municipal legislation throughout the world, the extension division of the University of Wisconsin has just established a new department to be known as the "bureau of municipal reference." This new department will undertake to do for the city councils of the State what the legislative reference department at the capitol has been doing for the state legislature.

IV. STANDARDIZATION OF EDUCATION."

ACTION OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE REGARDING VETERINARY COLLEGES.

The United States Department of Agriculture employs over 800 veterinarians. In order that it might be informed as to the

• The action taken by the National Association of State Universities in the matter of standardization is given on p. 88. See also the qualifications which institutions must possess to entitle their graduates to be admitted to the Association of Collegiate Alumnæ (p. 59); also the position taken by the Carnegie Foundation regarding George Washington University (p. 38); also the address of President Pritchett (p. 138); also by-laws adopted by the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the Southern States (p. 58).