55. Over credulous persons ought never to be believed;

and as the Ancient Historians were in many instances over credulous they ought never to be believed.

56. Some mineral compounds are not decomposed by heat; all organic substances are decomposed by heat; therefore no organic substances are mineral compounds.

57. Whatever schools exclude religion are irreligious; Non-sectarian schools do not allow the teaching of religious creeds; therefore they are irreligious. 58. Night must be the cause of day; for it invariably precedes it. 59. The ancient Greeks produced the greatest masterpieces of eloquence and philosophy; the Lacedæmonians were ancient Greeks; therefore they produced the greatest masterpieces of eloquence and philosophy.

60. All presuming men are contemptible; this man, therefore, is contemptible; for he presumes to believe his opinions are correct.

61. If a substance is solid it possesses elasticity, and so also it does if it be liquid or gaseous; but all substances are either solid, liquid or gaseous; therefore all substances possess elasticity.

62. If Parr's life pills are of any value those who take them will improve in health; now my friend who has been taking them has improved in health; therefore they are of value.

63. He who calls you a man speaks truly; he who calls you a fool calls you a man; therefore he who calls you a fool speaks truly.

64. Who is most hungry eats most; who eats least is

most hungry; therefore who eats least eats most. 65. What produces intoxication should be prohibited;

the use of spirituous liquors causes intoxication; therefore the use of spirituous liquors should be prohibited.

66. What we eat grew in the fields; loaves of bread are what we eat; therefore loaves of bread grew in the fields.

67. If light consisted of material particles it would possess momentum; it cannot therefore consist of material particles, for it does not possess momentum.

68. Everything is allowed by law which is morally right; indulgence in pleasures is allowed by law; therefore indulgence in pleasures is morally right. 69. All the trees in the park make a thick shade; this is one of them, therefore this tree makes a thick shade.

70. All visible bodies shine by their own or by reflected light. The moon does not shine by its own, therefore it shines by reflected light; but the sun shines by its own light, therefore it cannot shine by reflected light.

71. Honesty deserves reward; and a negro is a fellowcreature; therefore, an honest negro is a fellowcreature deserving of reward.

72. Nearly all the satellites revolve round their planets from west to east; the moon is a satellite; therefore it revolves round its planet from west to east. 73. Italy is a Catholic country and abounds in beggars; France is also a Catholic country, and therefore abounds in beggars.

74. Every law is either useless or it occasions hurt to some person; now a law that is useless ought to be abolished; and so ought every law that occasions hurt; therefore every law ought to be abolished.

75. The end of a thing is its perfection; death is the end of life; therefore death is the perfection of life.

76. When we hear that all the righteous people are happy, it is hard to avoid exclaiming, What! are all the unhappy persons we see to be thought unrighteous?

77. I am offered a sum of money to assist this person in gaining the office he desires; to assist a person is to do him good, and no rule of morality forbids the doing of good; therefore no rule of morality forbids me to receive the sum of money for assisting the person.

78. Ruminant animals are those which have cloven feet, and they always have horns; the extinct animal which left this foot-print had a cloven foot; therefore it was a ruminant animal and had horns. Again, as no beasts of prey are ruminant animals it cannot have been a beast of prey. 79. We must either gratify our vicious propensities, or resist them; the former course will involve us in sin and misery; the latter requires selfdenial; therefore we must either fall into sin and misery or practise self-denial.

80. The stonemasons are benefitted by the masons' union; the bricklayers by the bricklayers' union; the hatmakers by the hatmakers' union; in short, every trade by its own union; therefore it is evident that if all workmen had unions all workmen would be benefitted thereby.

81. Every moral aim requires the rational means of attaining it; these means are the establishment of laws; and as happiness is the moral aim of man it follows that the attainment of happiness requires the establishment of laws.

82. He that can swim needs not despair to fly; for to swim is to fly in a grosser fluid, and to fly is to

swim in a subtler.

83. The Helvetii, if they went through the country of the Sequani, were sure to meet with various difficulties; and if they went through the Roman province, they were exposed to the danger of opposition from Cæsar; but they were obliged to go one way or the other; therefore they were either sure of meeting with various difficulties, or exposed to the danger of opposition from Cæsar.-De Bello Gallico, lib. I. 6.

84. Riches are for spending, and spending for honour and good actions; therefore extraordinary expense must be limited by the worth of the occasion.-Bacon.

85. If light is not refracted near the surface of the moon, there cannot be any twilight; but if the moon has no atmosphere light is not refracted near its surface; therefore if the moon has no atmosphere there cannot be any twilight. 86. The preservation of society requires exchange; whatever requires exchange requires equitable valuation of property; this requires the adoption of a common measure; hence the preservation of society requires the adoption of a common

measure.

87. The several species of brutes being created to prey upon one another proves that the human species were intended to prey upon them. 88. The more correct the logic, the more certainly the conclusion will be wrong if the premises are false. Therefore where the premises are wholly uncertain, the best logician is the least safe guide.

89. If our rulers could be trusted always to look to the best interests of their subjects, monarchy would be the best form of government; but they cannot be trusted; therefore monarchy is not the best form of government.

90. If men were prudent, they would act morally for their own good; if benevolent, for the good of others. But many men will not act morally, either for their own good, or that of others; such men, therefore, are not prudent or benevolent. 91. He who bears arms at the command of the magistrate does what is lawful for a Christian; the Swiss in the French service, and the British in the American service, bore arms at the command of the magistrate; therefore they did what was lawful for a Christian.-Whately.

92. A man that hath no virtue in himself ever envieth virtue in others; for men's minds will either feed upon their own good or upon others' evil; and who wanteth the one will prey upon the other.— Bacon.

93. The object of war is durable peace; therefore soldiers are the best peace-makers.

94. Confidence in promises is essential to the intercourse of human life; for without it the greatest part of our conduct would proceed upon chance. But there could be no confidence in promises, if men were not obliged to perform them; the obligation, therefore, to perform promises is essential to the same ends and in the same degree.

95. If the majority of those who use public-houses are prepared to close them, legislation is unnecessary; but if they are not prepared for such a measure, then to force it on them by outside pressure is both dangerous and unjust.