Abacus, the logical, 199 Abscissio Infiniti (the cutting off of the infinite or negative part), the process by which we determine the position of an object in a system of classes, by successive comparison and rejection of those classes to which it does not belong.

Absolute terms, i.e. non-relative terms, 25 sometimes used as name of non-connotative terms, 41 Abstract terms, 20, 43 Abstraction, 285

Accent, fallacy of, 174 Accident, fallacy of, 176; the predicable, 103

Accidental definition is a definition which assigns the properties of a species, or the accidents of an individual; it is more commonly called a Description.

Acquired perceptions, 236 Added determinants, inference by, 86

Adequate knowledge, 56

A dicto secundum quid, &c.,
fallacy of, 176
Adjectives, 21
Adverbials, 93

Affirmative propositions, 63
Algebraic reasoning, 58, 219
Ambiguity of all, 20; of some, 79
of many old terms, 291; of terms in
Political Economy, 292
Ambiguous middle term, 130, 171
Amphibology, fallacy of, 172
Ampliative propositions, 69
Analogue, a thing analogous to
some other thing.
Analysis, method of, 205

Analogy, the cause of ambiguity, 35, 50; reasoning by, 226-8 Analytics, (тà "AvaλuTɩkà,) the title given in the second century to portions of the Organon, or Logical Treatises of Aristotle; they were distinguished as the Prior and Posterior Analytics.

Analytic syllogism, a syllogism in which the conclusion is placed first, the premises following as the reasons. See Synthetic Syllogism; the distinction is unimportant. Antecedent, of a hypothetical proposition, 160; of an event, 240 Anticipation of nature, 229 Antinomy (avr, against; vóμos, law), the opposition of one law or rule to another. Kant.

A posteriori knowledge, 208
A priori knowledge, 208
Arbor Porphyriana, see Tree of
Porphyry.

Argument, (Latin, argus, from apyòs, clear, manifest,) the process of reasoning, the shewing or proving that which is doubtful by that which is known. See Inference. The middle term of a syllogism is sometimes called specially the argument. Argumentum a fortiori, an argument in which we prove that the case in question is more strong or probable than one already conceded to be sufficiently so. Argumentum ad hominem,

178 Argumentum ad judicium, an appeal to the common sense of mankind.

Argumentum ad ignoranti-
am, an argument founded on the
ignorance of adversaries.
Argumentum ad populum,

179

Argumentum ad

verecun-

diam, an appeal to our respect for
some great authority.
Argumentum ex concesso,
a proof derived from a proposition
already conceded.

Aristotle's Dicta, 123
Art and Science, distinction of, 7
Artificial Classification, 284
Assertion, (ad, to; sero, to join,)
a statement or proposition, affirma-
tive or negative.

Association of ideas, (associo, to
accompany; socius, a companion,)
the natural connection existing in
the mind between impressions which
have previously coexisted, or which
are similar. Any idea tends to bring
into the mind its associated ideas, in
accordance with the two great laws
of association, the Law of Conti-
guity, and the Law of Similarity.
Assumption, (assumo, to take for
granted,) any proposition taken as
the basis of argument; in a special
sense, the minor premise of a cate-
gorical syllogism.

Attribute, (attribuo, to give or
ascribe to,) a quality or circumstance
which may be affirmed (or denied)
of a thing; opposed to Substance,
which see.

Attribute in grammar, 92
Attributive term, i. e. Connotative
term, 41

Axiom, defininition of, 125

Baconian method, 255; Philoso-
phy, 229

Barbara, Celarent, &c., 145
Begging the Question, 179
Belief, assent to a proposition, ad-
mitting of any degree of strength,
from the slightest probability to the
fullest certainty; see Probability.
Bentham, George, new system of
Logic, 187

Boole, George, his system of Logic,
191: his Laws of Thought, 197;
his logical works, 201

Canons of syllogism, 121-2; Hamil-

ton's supreme Canon, 189
Canons of Mill's Inductive Methods,
First, 240; Second, 242; Third, 245:
Fourth, 252; Fifth, 249
Categorematic words, 18
Categorical propositions, 63
Categories, the summa genera, or
most extensive classes into which
things can be distributed; they are
ten in number, as follows:

Ovoía, Substance; Ilogòv, Quan-
tity ; Ποῖον, Quality; Πρός τι, Re-
lation ; Ποιεῖν, Action; Πάσχειν,
Passion, or suffering; IIoù, Place;
Пóre, Time; Keiroat, Position;
"Exew, Habit or condition.

Everything which can be affirmed
must come under one or other of these
highest predicates, which were de-
scribed in the first treatise of Aris-
totle's Organon, called the Catego-
ries.

Cause, meaning of, 239

Aristotle distinguished four kinds
of causes for the existence of a thing
-1. The Material Cause, the sub-
stance or matter composing it; 2.
The Formal Cause, the pattern, type
or design, according to which it is
shaped; 3. The Efficient Cause, the
force employed in shaping it; 4.
The Final Cause, the end, motive
or purpose of the work.

Chance, ignorance of the causes
which are in action; see Probability.
Character, derivation of the word,
46

Characteristics, 285

Circulus in definiendo, 110, 114
Circulus in probando, 179
Clearness of knowledge, 54
Cognition, (cognosco, to know,)
knowledge, or the action of mind in
acquiring knowledge.

Colligation of Facts, Dr Whewell's
expression for the mental union of
facts by some suitable conception,
see 286

Collective terms, 19

Combined or complete method of
investigation, 258
Comparison, com, together; par,
equal or like,) the action of mind by
which we judge whether two objects