and four co-ordinate predicates in the example previously taken.

Whenever one part of a sentence is subordinate to another part it may be connected with it by a line drawn in any convenient direction. Thus the analysis of the following sentence is readily shown by the diagram below it :

"No one who is a lover of money, a lover of pleasure, and a lover of glory, is likewise a lover of mankind; but only he who is a lover of virtue."

We see that the sentence is both compound and complex, that is to say it contains two principal coordinate propositions with a common predicate, "a lover of mankind." The first proposition is negative and its subject is described by three subordinate clauses, while the second proposition is affirmative and has one subordinate clause.

I conclude this somewhat lengthy lesson with the analysis of a few sentences, of which the first consists of some remarkably complex lines from a poem of Burbidge:

"He who metes, as we should mete,

Could we His insight use, shall most approve,
Not that which fills most space in earthly eyes,
But what-though Time scarce note it as he flies-
Fills, like this little daisy at my feet,

Its function best of diligence in love."

"Most sweet it is with unuplifted eyes

To pace the ground, if path there be or none,
While a fair region round the traveller lies
Which he forbears again to look upon;
Pleased rather with some soft ideal scene,
The work of fancy, or some happy tone
Of meditation slipping in between,

The beauty coming, and the beauty gone."

WORDSWORTH.

while a fair region

round the

traveller lies

which (region) he (the traveller) forbears to look upon

pleased rather with

some soft ideal scene

the work of fancy

or some happy tone of meditation

J

slipping in between the beauty coming
and the beauty gone.

In the above sentence there is evidently one subject,

"to pace the ground,” which by means of the pronoun it, is connected with the predicate most sweet. The main part of the sentence however consists of three adverbials, expressing the manner and surrounding circumstances, and the third adverbial is developed in a very complicated manner. The sentence is not compound, but is complex on account of four subordinate propositions.

In the following sentence there is strictly but one principal proposition, "We find," but this is only a mode of introducing the true purport of the sentence, “the two classes of intellectual operations have much that is different, much that is common."

"When the notions with which men are conversant in the common course of life, which give meaning to their familiar language and which give employment to their hourly thoughts, are compared with the ideas on which exact science is founded, we find, that the two classes of intellectual operations have much that is different, much that is common."

we find that the two classes (* †)

of intellectual
operations have

S much that is different much that is common

which give

with the ideas +

employ

ment to

on which

familiar

language

their hourly
thoughts

exact science is

founded.

course

of life

Here the two classes form a collective term, and have two coordinate predicates rendering the sentence so far a compound one. The greater part of the sentence, however, consists of a complicated subordinate sentence of

the nature of an adverbial, expressing the time or occasion when this is found to be the case.

As a last example we take the sentence given below:"The law of gravitation, the most universal truth at which human reason has yet arrived, expresses not merely the general fact of the mutual attraction of all matter; not merely the vague statement that its influence decreases as the distance increases, but the exact numerical rate at which that decrease takes place; so that when its amount is known at any one distance it may be exactly calculated for any other."

at which human reason has yet arrived

so that its amount may be calculated for any other dis

when it is known at any one distance.

[tance

W. S. Dalgleish's Grammatical Analysis, or
J. D. Morell's Analysis of Sentences.
Alex. Bain's English Composition and Rhe-
toric, pp. 91-117, treats of construction of

sentences.

LESSON XII.

THE PREDICABLES, DIVISION, AND

DEFINITION.

It is desirable that the reader, before proceeding further, should acquire an exact comprehension of the meaning of certain logical terms which are known as the Predicables, meaning the kinds of terms or attributes which can always be predicated of any subject. These terms are five in number; genus, species, difference, property, and accident; and when properly employed are of exceeding use and importance in logical science. It would neither be possible nor desirable in this work to attempt to give any idea of the various and subtle meanings which have been attributed to the predicables by ancient writers, and the most simple and useful view of the subject is what alone can be given here.

Any class of things may be called a genus (Greek yévos, race or kind), if it be regarded as made up of two or more species. "Element" is a genus when we consider it as divided into the two species "metallic and non-metallic." Triangle is a genus as regards the species acute-angled, right-angled, and obtuse-angled.

On the other hand, a species is any class which is regarded as forming part of the next larger class, so that the terms genus and species are relative to each other, the genus being the larger class which is divided, and the species the two or more smaller classes into which the genus is divided.

It is indispensable, however, to regard these expressions in the double meaning of extension and intension.