§ 13.

IO nuper: not quite accurate (cf. n. on 24, 1. 26, also on modo in 6, p. 28, 1. 32), inasmuch as the knowledge of the Greek speculations which denied the soul's existence after death had begun to spread among the educated classes at Rome long before Scipio's death. The Epicureans are chiefly, but not solely, hinted at. Some of the Peripatetics and also some of the New Academics held or at least sometimes advocated the same views.

13

14

15

16

17

18

mortuis...iura: the principal 'reverent rites' paid to the dead are mentioned in Cic. Leg. 2, 55 sq.; cf. especially 57 multa religiosa iura. Our passage has also much resemblance to Tusc. 1, 26 sq.

si...arbitrarentur: cf. Tusc. 1, 27 caerimonias quas maximis ingeniis praediti nec tanta cura coluissent... nisi haereret in eorum mentibus mortem non interitum esse omnia tollentem atque delentem sed quandam quasi migrationem. Observe the tense of arbitrarentur and haereret, for which modern feeling would require the pluperfect. Cic. realises the past (for the moment) as present, and so looks on the condition as not wholly past but still continuing. The usage is in fact similar to the substitution of the present for the past (for the sake of vividness) in historical narratives. Often both protasis and apodosis contain a verb in the imperfect where we should expect the pluperfect (e.g. Verr. 5, 89; Sest. 63); but it does not often happen that the apodosis has a verb in the pluperfect, while the verb in the protasis stands in the imperfect, as in Cat. m. 19 consilium ratio sententia nisi essent in senibus, non summum consilium maiores nostri appellassent senatum. Irregularities of the same sort are common in Greek conditional sentences.

ad eos pertinere: cf. Aristotle, Eth. Nic. 1, 10, 3 dokeî yàp elvai tɩ Tậ τεθνεῶτι καὶ κακὸν καὶ ἀγαθόν.

fuerunt: 'lived'. The followers of Pythagoras are meant.

nunc quidem: 'now, I admit'; for the concessive use of quidem cf. 74, 1. 14.

tum: some adversative particle (corresponding to sed autem vero or the like) would be inserted in any modern language. This so-called adversative asyndeton is especially common in Caesar, as in B. G. 1, 18, 1 celeriter consilium dimittit, Liscum retinet; cf. also n. on 5, 1. 25; 55, 1. 22; 59, 1. 32; 62, 1. 58.

institutis et praeceptis: 'practices and injunctions'.

vel eius in Cat. m. 78 Cic. appeals just as he does here to the Pythagoreans and to Socrates as authorities for the immortality of the soul.

qui: sc. dicebat; cf. for the ellipse 1, 1. 10 sed de hoc alias.
non: supply quotiens de hac re diceret.

tum hoc tum illud: the later Academics, particularly Arcesilas and Carneades, professing to follow Socrates, made a practice of arguing on both sides of every question, and declared that certainty was unattainable, though probable conclusions might be formed. They prided them

19

20

selves on not being obliged to support dogmatically any set of views; while others were in bondage to doctrines, they only were free to put forward 'now this now that'. Cf. Cicero's Academica passim, but particularly 2, 134 tum hoc mihi probabilius, tum illud videtur; 2, 121 modo hoc modo illud probabilius videtur; also N. D. 1, 47 Cotta meus modo hoc modo illud.

ut in plerisque: the oblique case of the neuter adj. used as substantive is unusual where there is not some word in the context to clearly indicate the gender. To avoid ambiguity Cic. generally writes in plerisque rebus and the like, but occasionally lets the neuter stand. Cf. n. on 50, 1. 7 similium sui.

idem semper, animos etc.: Cic. is thinking of Socrates as he appears in the dialogues of Plato, particularly in the Phaedo, Apology, Phaedrus, and Timaeus. The principal arguments in favour of the soul's immortality which are put into Socrates' mouth in the Phaedo are many times reproduced by Cicero, and especially in Tusc. 1, Somn. Scip. and Cato maior. In the words esse divinos and reditum in caelum patere Cic. recalls those arguments in favour of the soul's pre-natal existence which the Platonic Socrates usually joins with his arguments for the soul's life after the death of the body.

ex corpore: used for corporibus, since (both in Greek and Latin) when a number of persons are mentioned and then some one thing common to them all, that thing often put into the singular, where our idiom would require the plural. Seyffert is, I think, mistaken in understanding corpore in the abstract sense of 'the body'. Cf. Tusc. 1, 40 animos, cum e corpore excesserint; ib. 1, 72 animorum e corpore excedentium; Cat. m. 81; on the other hand Cat. m. 80 animos, dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere, cum excessissent ex eis emori.

21 optimoque...expeditissimum: cf. Tusc. 1, 40 sq.; also Plato, Phaedo 114 B.

23

24

25

§ 14.

praesagiret: on this word cf. Cic. Div. 1, 65 sagire enim sentire acute est: ex quo sagae anus quia multum scire volunt, et sagaces dicti canes. Is igitur qui ante sagit quam oblata res est dicitur praesagire, id est, futura ante scire.

Philus: see Introd. p. 19.

Manilius: see Introd. p. 19.

adesset: observe the singular after et...et, and cf. Mur. 15 et proavus Murenae et avus praetor fuit; Phil. 11, 27 et Brutus et Cassius, multis iam in rebus ipse sibi senatus fuit; Att. 4, 17, 4 et ego et Cicero meus flagitabit; also see below, 70, 1. 19 confertur.

alii plures: cf. Brut. 36 Hyperides et Aeschines et Lycurgus et Dinarchus aliique plures.

triduum disseruit: the discourse is represented by Cicero's work De re publica.

26

27

28

29

30

de re publica: 'concerning the commonwealth', i.e. the ideal or best form of commonwealth.

extremum: this neuter adj. is used as a noun frequently by Cic. as below, 20, p. 34, 1. 6; Div. 2, 91 and 103, also by Lucr. 1, 960, Livy, Tacitus, etc.

fuit de: 'treated of'.

animorum: observe the plural, where we use the singular ('the soul') in the abstract sense. Immortalitas animorum also occurs in Cat. m. 78, Leg. 2, 68; aeternitas animorum in Tusc. 1, 80.

quae: as only the last book of the De re publica (comprising the Somnium Scipionis) discussed the immortality of the soul, the neuter quae refers not to the whole work, but merely to the extremum. Quod would have been correct but inelegant. Quae is a sort of explanation of extremum 'the conclusion, I mean such matters as'. For the plural relative referred to a singular antecedent cf. the not uncommon phrases ex eo genere quae (Fin. 3, 70) and ex eo numero qui with plural verb (Arch. 31, where see my n.); also n. on 70, 1. 9 ea. The usage is frequently found in Greek, as Plato, Rep. 554 Α θησαυροποιὸς ἀνὴρ, οὓς δὴ καὶ ἐπαινεῖ τὸ πλῆθος.

quiete: somno, a somewhat poetical usage, but occurring pretty frequently in Cicero.

visum: here the neut. participle used as noun, not the accus. of visus, ūs. [Seyffert is however wrong in denying that Cic. uses the latter word; see N. D. 1, 12.]

Africano: sc. maiore.

id si ita est, ut: 'if the truth really is, I mean that'. For the explanatory ut cf. 70, l. 8; also 15, l. 18 hoc ita necesse est.

in morte: 'upon death'; i.e. immediately after death; cf. Lucr. I, 111 aeternas quoniam poenas in morte timendumst (i.e. punishments ensuing upon or after death).

facillime evolet: cf. reditum expeditissimum above. Volare and its compounds ad- in- e- praeter- volare, with volitare are particularly favourite words with Cic.; see many exx. in Nägelsbach, Stilistik § 132, 2. Evolo implies very rapid and sudden motion; cf. Brut. 272 tantos processus faciebat ut evolare non excurrere videretur; Or. 2, 209; ib. 2, 317.

e custodia: cf. Somn. Scip. 14 ei vivunt qui e corporum vinclis tamquam e carcere evolaverunt; Tusc. 1, 75 cum illuc ex his vinclis emissi feremur, minus tardabitur cursus animorum; so ib. 1, 118; De Or. 2, 22.

cui censemus fuisse: the form of the question is like that in 24, P. 35, 1. 29 quid arbitramur etc. (with which cf. Verr. 3, 156 quid isto fore festivius arbitramur qui etc.). Censetis would have been more usual; in many scores of similar passages in the speeches of Cic. I do not think that the first person censemus once occurs. Cf. Fin. 5, 50 quem enim ardorem studi censetis fuisse in Archimede?

maerere...eventu: for the constr. cf. Tusc. 1, 30 nemo maeret suo

31

32

I

3

5

7

incommodo. If the ablative follows on doleo, maereo, the occurrence is regarded as the occasion for the expression of the sorrow; if the accusative, then as the object of the emotion. Eventu here=fato, as in Verg. Aen. 11, 758 ducis exemplum eventumque secuti, and often in Livy and Caesar.

sin...veriora: the omission of the verb (here sunt) is common with Cicero in short emphatic clauses, especially when the pronoun ille or hic forms part of the clause. Cf. Acad. 2, 86 iam illa praeclara; N. D. 1, 20 iam illa palmaria (so Bait. rightly reads); Acad. 2, 94 si (sc. taces), quia obscura, concedo; Fam. 3, 10, 10 si illa amoris signa; N. D. I, 25 sed haec vestra; Fam. 12, 2, 2 sed haec tolerabilia, illud non ferendum; also Lael. 20, p. 34, 1. 6 beluarum hoc quidem extremum; 78, 1. 20; 19, l. 24. For the constr. veriora ut cf. n. on 50, P. 44, l. 5.

illa: haec of 13, 1. 10.

P. 32.

sensu enim amisso etc.: the idea is followed out in Tusc. 1, 87 sq. laetabitur: 'will exult'; laetari is stronger than gaudere.

§ 15.

cum illo...actum optime est: n. on 11, 1. 16.

fuerat: not put for fuisset, and therefore not to be compared with Horace's me truncus illapsus cerebro sustulerat and the like. The pluperfect stands here where the perfect fuit or imperfect erat would have been more usual; fuerat aequius implies 'it had always been in our eyes more reasonable to expect'. The substitution is pretty common in Latin comedy, as Plaut. Trin. 119 ei rei operam dare te fuerat aliquanto aequius; Terent. Adelph. 685 virginem quam te non ius fuerat tangere; so often in Plaut. and Ter. ut dixeram for ut dixi. Observe that the real subject to fuerat is the whole phrase quem exire de vita, and that in vitam must be supplied after introieram from de vita below.

videar: sc. mihi ipse videar; so in l. 16.

8 quocum: n. on 2, l. 17.

9

ΙΟ

publica re: uses like this shew that the phrase res publica represented to the Romans two words, and not one compound word. Cf. Fam. 1, 9, 12 res ipsa publica; ib. 1, 8, 4 rei totius publicae; 64, 1. 15 reque publica; res privatae and res publica are often contrasted as in Att. 9, 7, 5; ib. I, 18, 1. Cf. n. on 42, 1. 7.

quocum...communis: 'with whom I had a common home and served a common service'. For the collocation of the words cf. n. on 8, 1. 22 cum summi viri tum amicissimi; for the sense § 100.

in quo...amicitiae: 'wherein lies the whole essence of friendship'. Cf. 92, p. 56, 1. 31.

voluntatum...consensio: 'the fullest agreement in policy, taste, and opinion'. The word voluntas in Cic. frequently means inclination in

12

politics. For the definition of friendship here given cf. § 92; also 61, ll. 14, 15, also n. on 20, p. 34, l. I.

commemoravit:=praedicavit, not recordatus est; see my n. on Arch.

§ 29.

falsa praesertim: briefly put for praesertim cum falsa sit; cf. Off. 1, 137 deforme est de se ipso praedicare, falsa praesertim; Tusc. 5, 19 propriis argumentis tractanda quaeque res est, tanta praesertim; Lael. 26, l. 17.

13 quam quod spero: if the former construction had been carried on we should have had quam spes fore etc. The change, however, is of a sort common with Cicero, as Fin. 3, 25 sapientia enim et animi magnitudinem complectitur et iustitiam, et ut omnia quae homini accidant infra se esse iudicet.

14

15

16

18

19

eo mihi magis: for the separation of eo from magis cf. n. on 10, 1. 8 quam id recte; for the phrase eo magis cf. 7, 1. 16.

est cordi: for a full discussion of the predicative dative and a list of exx. see Roby's Gram., Pref. to Vol. 2. The name 'predicative' seems unsuitable here, for cordi is the one dative on the list with regard to which the substitution of the nominative (in the predicative sense) is inconceivable. Cf. 43, 1. 8 curae; 70, l. 12 honori.

vix tria etc.: so Fin. 1, 65 quod quam magnum sit, fictae veterum fabulae declarant in quibus tam multis tamque variis, ab ultima antiquitate repetitis, tria vix amicorum paria reperiuntur, ut ad Orestem pervenias profectus a Theseo. The three pairs are Theseus and Pirithous, Achilles and Patroclus, Orestes and Pylades. The friendship of a fourth pair (Damon and Phintias, of whom perhaps Cic. was thinking in our passage), is celebrated in Off: 3, 45; Fin. 2, 79.

nominantur: 'are quoted'.

quo in genere: sc. amicitiarum.

sperare videor...fore: this clause simply repeats the sense of the words amicitiae...fore in l. 13, 14. The tautology is illustrated by Seyffert, who qu. Brut. 313 quoniam totum me, non naevo aliquo aut crepundiis, sed corpore omni videris velle cognoscere. For videor mihi videor (19, 1. 21) see above, 1. 7.

§ 16.

istuc ita necesse est: the ita is really not pleonastic in phrases of this sort, though often regarded so by editors. The sense here is istuc necesse est, et eo modo quo tu dicis necesse esse. Cf. Arch. 2 hoc ita dici, with my n. A number of similar passages are quoted by Madvig on Fin. 2, 17. So in Plato, Philebus 20 D Teton toûÿ' outws eltes.

sumus otiosi: the same reason for the discourse is given in Fin. 1, 14 quoniam nacti te sumus otiosum. According to Roman feeling it was not considered proper for statesmen to discuss philosophical questions except as a relaxation from more serious business. Cf. the exordia of Academica

I and II and also of Fin. III, also n. on Lael. 10, 1. 6. In Acad. 2, 6 Cicero says restat ut eis respondeam qui sermonibus eius modi nolint

R. L.

6