19 vaticinatum: sang in inspired strain'. The vates is divino quodam spiritu inflatus (Arch. § 19); cf. also vaticini furores in Ov. Met. 2, 640. Vaticinari is sometimes used by Cic. in a bad sense to talk nonsense, to drivel, as in Fam. 2, 16, 6. The great philosophical poem of Empedocles, repl púrews, the title of which is borrowed by Lucretius for his poem 'De rerum natura', and which he greatly imitates, contained many passages that seemed to sober-minded readers to border on madness; cf. Acad. 2, 14 isti exclamant mente incitati, Empedocles quidem ut interdum mihi furere videatur; also Lucr. 1, 727 carmina quin etiam divini pectoris eius vociferantur. As the word vaticinari sometimes means to prophesy', there may be a reference to the fact that Empedocles claimed to possess prophetic and magic powers. 20 totoque mundo: this is merely explanatory of rerum natura, which has the same meaning. Trans. 'in the constitution of things and the entire universe'. constarent...discordiam: the passage closely corresponds with the wellknown lines of Empedocles : καὶ ταῦτ ̓ ἀλλάσσοντα διαμπερὲς οὐδαμὰ λήγει | ἄλλοτε μὲν φιλότητι συνερχόμεν ̓ εἰς ἓν ἅπαντα | ἄλλοτε δ' αὖ δίχ ̓ ἕκαστα φορεύμενα νείκεος ἔχθει, where συνερχόμενα corresponds with constarent here and popeúμeva with moverentur. Empedocles held that two principles were perpetually at war in the universe, one the principle of love or friendship (attraction) constantly tending to unite the scattered portions of the four elements, fire, air, earth and water, so as to bring things into existence, the other the principle of hate or enmity (repulsion), tending to decompose bodies into their constituent parts. ea of course the object, as amicitiam is the subject, of the verb con trahere. 21 hoc: this principle', i.e. that friendship is a uniting force, hatred a destructive force. 22 omnes mortales: here=simply omnes homines. mortalis for homo without some attribute, though the mon in Sallust, Tacitus, and the later Latin prose. avoids the word. Cf. mortalis nemo in 18, 1. 7. Cicero never uses usage is very comCaesar altogether et intellegunt et re probant: 'not only understand but approve by their actions'. 23 si quando aliquod: Cicero, like the other Latin writers, often seems capricious in his use of quando and aliquando, quid (quod...) and aliquid (aliquod...) after si. For si quando aliquid (aliquod...) cf. Verr. 4, i26; De Or. 1, 124. For si quid (quod...) aliquando Cluent. 140; Fam. 9, 17, I. For si quando quid (quod...) De Or. 2, 240; Caes. B. C. 3, 82, 3; Suet. Aug. 43. For si aliquid (aliquod...) aliquando Acad. 2, 25; Mil. 67; Sest. 14. It is commonly said that when the words with ali- are used after si they are more emphatic than the simple forms; the passages, however, do not always bear out the supposition. Cf. 27, p. 37, 1. 6 n. exstitit: has been displayed'. Cf. n. on 27, p. 37, 1. 6. 24 adeundis: i.e. pro amico; in the one case the amicus meets the danger alone, and protects his friend; in the other both friends face it together. The use of in is the same as that in 9, p. 30, 1. 3 in pueris. 25 29 31 32 33 M. Pacuvi: Pacuvius, the greatest tragic writer in Latin (summus tragicus—Cic. de opt. gen. dic. 2) was born at Brundisium about 220 and lived till about 130 B.C. Since Pacuvius probably exhibited no new play after his eightieth year (Cic. Brút, 229), and Scipio died in 129 B.C., the word nuper is very loosely used, as in 13, l. 10. probably never became a Roman citizen, hence Cic. calls him hospes as well as amicus. So Fam. 9, 12, 2 hospiti veteri et amico (of king Deiotarus). Pacuvius nova fabula: commonly supposed to be a play called the Dulorestes (though Ribbeck and some other scholars deny this), of which a number of fragments are preserved. Cf. Fin. 5, 63 clamores volgi atque imperitorum excitantur in theatris, cum illa dicuntur ego sum Orestes contraque ab altero: immo enim vero ego sum, inquam, Orestes; cum autem etiam exitus ab utroque datur conturbato errantique regi, ambo ergo igitur simul una enicarier comprecamur; ib. 2, 79 aut Pylades cum sis, dices te esse Oresten, ut moriare pro amico, aut si esses Orestes Pyladen refelleres, te indicares, et si id non probares quo minus ambo una necaremini non precarere. The story was often handled by Greek dramatists. The plays of Pacuvius were all palliatae and closely copied from Greek originals, but it is not exactly known on what Greek play the Dulorestes was founded. It certainly did not follow the Iphigenia in Tauris of Euripides, which treats the same story. The rex was Thoas, king of the Tauric Chersonese. stantes plaudebant: 'they (the audience) rose to their feet and cheered'. It has been generally supposed that Cic. here is guilty of a small anachronism, because the first permanent theatre at Rome was erected by Pompeius, before which time it is believed that the audience stood throughout the exhibition of the plays. The temporary booths, however, may have contained rough galleries; cf. Tac. Ann. 14, 20 with Nipperdey's n. With Cicero's words cf. Att. 2, 19, 3 Curioni stantes plauserant; Phaedr. 5, 7, 28 in plausus consurrectum est; Suet. Aug. 56 filiis praetextatis adhuc adsurrectum ab universis in theatro et a stantibus plausum questus est. Mr Shilleto (MS note): 'spectantes Chr. Wordsworth: sed vid. Tac. XIV. Ann. 20; Val. Max. II. 4, 3'. arbitramur: n. on censemus in 14, p. 31, in 48, 1. 15. 29; cf. also arbitramur cum...iudicarent: 'inasmuch as they pronounced'. Possibly, however, the right reading is iudicarunt. possent: sc. si facto opus esset. For suppressed protasis cf. n. on 5, l. 24. recte fieri: to be closely taken with iudicarent. in altero: 'in another's case'; the preposition as in 1. 29 in re ficta; 1. 23 in periculis adeundis. hactenus: up to this point', 'within these limits'; contrasted with si quae praeterea sunt. de amicitia quid sentirem: for the arrangement of the words cf. 14, 1. 26 de immortalitate animorum quae; also 16, 1. 21 de amicitia quid sentias. Observe the tense of sentirem, and note the difference to the sense which would be made by substituting sensissem. 3 4 5 6 8 ΤΟ 12 13 14 15 16 17 nos autem: sc. quaeremus. It very seldom happens in Latin that a verb in the indicative or subjunctive, or indeed a verb at all, has to be supplied from one in the imperative or vice versa. See an example of an imperative of one verb to be supplied from the imperative of another in Phil. 2, 118. saepe quaesivi: sc. quid sentirent. non invitus: as in 4, 1. 7. filum: all languages have metaphors resembling this. Cf. De Or. 3, 103 filo et genere ipso orationis; ib. 2, 93 omnes erant uberiore filo; Orat. 124 argumentandi tenue filum; Fam. 9, 12, 2 munusculum crasso filo; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 225 tenui deducta poemata filo. tum...si: used here like the commoner ita...si; cf. 53, l. 5 si forte ceciderint tum intellegitur; 51, l. 18. si nuper affuisses: but in the dialogue De re publica 1, 18 Fannius appears as one of the listeners. He may not have been represented as present at the discussions in the subsequent books, which are only preserved in a fragmentary state. In § 14 Cic. seems to indicate the absence of Fannius. patronus iustitiae: advocate of justice'. The question was whether justice was an absolutely necessary foundation for a state. iustitiam iustissimo: cf. 5, 1. 20 ad amicum amicissimus. quid? For the punctuation see Appendix. nonne facile: sc. est defendere. For omission of est cf. 22, 1. 20. iustitia: MSS and edd. iustitiaque. I have struck out the que as being against Cicero's usage. See n. on 12, 1. 6. ceperit: note the different sense which cepit would here have had. $ 26. vim...afferre: 'why, this is violence you are applying to me'. A form of answer often used in reply to very pressing entreaties; cf. Terent. Adelph. 5, 8, 19 (l. 943) non omittitis? vis est haec quidem; Suet. Iul. 82 ista quidem vis est (said by Caesar when first attacked by his assassins). studiis...obsistere: the same kind of excuse for a philosophical discussion is given in Orat. I negare ei quem unice diligerem cuique me carissimum esse sentirem, praesertim et iusta petenti et praeclara cupienti, durum admodum mihi videbatur; cf. ib. 140. in re bona: cf. 17, p. 32, 1. 27 praeclara res est. 19 mihi...cogitanti: so the De Oratore begins-cogitanti mihi saepenumero et memoria vetera repetenti perbeati fuisse, Quinte frater, illi videri solent... So the second book of the De Divin.-quaerenti mihi multumque et diu cogitanti...occurrebat. 20 propter imbecillitatem atque inopiam: cf. 23, 1. 8 egentes abundant, imbecilli valent; Arist. Eth. Nic. 8, 1, 2 év πevíą dè.....μóvnv oťovтai καταφυγὴν τοὺς φίλους· καὶ πρεσβυτέροις πρὸς θεραπείαν καὶ τὸ ἐλλεῖπον τῆς πράξεως δι' ἀσθένειαν βοηθείας. 22 23 24 25 quod quisque minus: cf. n. on 29, 1. 31 ut quisque minimum. vicissimque redderet: 'should repay the favour in his turn'. proprium amicitiae: 'inseparable from friendship'. Amicitiae is genitive, not dative; it is doubtful whether Cic. uses the dative after proprius at all. Cf. 47, p. 43, l. 12; 91, l. 21. sed etc.: 'while another ground of friendship was more venerable, more noble, and more derived from nature herself'. Seyffert calls 'attention to the six successive words ending in the same vowel a. amor...amicitia: the same statement in Fin. 2, 78; N. D. 1, 122 and below 100, 1. 15. I 25 princeps ad: so Arch. 1 hunc video mihi principem ad suscipiendam rationem horum studiorum exstitisse; Phil. 10, 24; Sull. 9. Trans. 'leads to the establishment of goodwill'. 27 28 29 30 31 ab eis percipiuntur: 'are obtained from those', not by those'. temporis causa: 'to suit the occasion'. fictum: opposed to verum below, as simulatum is to voluntarium. et: see on 30, p. 38, 1. 1 suaque omnia. voluntarium: 'sincere'; i. e. the real expression of the will or feeling. § 27. ab indigentia orta: Cic. probably did not use ortus with abl. without the preposition (though our MSS give a few instances). Lahmeyer's note, therefore, which accounts for the preposition here by supposing natura and indigentia to be personified, is mistaken. potius...magis: the difference in sense between these two words is in use frequently obliterated, but potius strictly means better, and therefore ought to indicate that of two alternatives one is preferred by some individual to the other, while magis strictly means more, and ought to have no direct reference to choice. Cf. also 76, p. 52, l. 4 n. applicatione...cogitatione: these ablatives are not dependent on orta, but are ablatives of the means or instrument. Trans. 'more through a leaning of the mind influenced by (cum) a feeling of affection than through meditation upon the extent of the advantage such an attachment (illa res) was likely to bring'. applicatione animi: lit. ‘bending of the mind towards something'. Neither lexica nor editors quote any other passage where applicatio is used except in the legal phrase ius applicationis; but the phrases applicare se or animum ad aliquem or aliquam rem are common; cf. closely 48, 11. 27—29; also 32, ll. 20—22; 100, ll. 10-12. 33 quod etc.; 'the nature of this principle may be perceived in the case of animals'. For quod quidem quale sit cf. Academ. 2, 124 quod intellegi quale sit vix potest. I 2 3 P. 37. quibusdam: the limitation (for which see n. on 6, p. 29, 1. 1) is due to the fact (insisted on in N. D. 2, 129) that many creatures abandon their eggs when laid. animadverti: n. on 8, 1. 21. ex se natos: Lahm.. quotes N. D. 2, 62 ex nobis natos liberos vo camus. ita amant: cf. Arist. Eth. Nic. 8, 1, 3 púoeɩ 7 évvπáρxeiv čoike πρÒS. τὸ γεγεννημένον τῷ γεννήσαντι (ἡ φιλία)· καὶ οὐ μόνον ἐν ἀνθρώποις, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ὀρνέοις, καὶ ἐν τοῖς πλείστοις τῶν ζώων, καὶ τοῖς ὁμοεθνέσι πρὸς ἄλληλα· καὶ μάλιστα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις. ad quoddam tempus: N. D. 2, 129 usque ad eum finem dum possint se ipsi defendere; so in 53, 1. 5 ad tempus. sensus: 'feeling', or 'impulse', i.e. as opposed to the calculation of advantages mentioned above. 5 quae dirimi non potest: this is contrasted with ad quoddam tempus 6 above. similis sensus amoris: i. e. sensus amoris caritati parentum similis; for the brevity (common in comparisons) cf. n. on 32, 1. 26 quam ab imbecillitate. exstitit: 'has arisen'. Note that exsistere does not mean to exist but to come into existence. si aliquem: si has almost the same sense as cum here, and was perhaps used because the repetition of cum would have been awkward. Aliquem after si is perhaps more vivid than quem: trans. 'some actual person'. Cf. 88, 1. 18; 24, l. 23 n. 7 moribus et natura: the collocation natura et moribus is more natural and common. Cf. 7, 1. 6 with n. 8 quasi: serves, as usual, to soften the metaphor (n. on 3, p. 28, 1. 2), which however is a very common one; cf. Fam. 12, 5, 3 virtutis tuae lumen; Off. 1, 103 probi ingeni lumen; also Lael. 100, 1. 10 virtus ostendit suum lumen; 48, 1. 28 si quasi significatio eluceat. § 28. nihil...amabilius: the same words are in N. D. 1, 121, with which cf. Off. 1, 55; ib. 2, 17. |