LIFE] METRE AND RHYTHM. 2II close and the world to come ipsa iam quasi propinquitate tangitur'. A common topic in Gregory's letters; 9 reff in index ed cit under mundus. In Bonif epist 139 p 307 Jaffé quidam writes to his 'most loving sister': adpropinquante iam mundi fine et statua ex qua5 ternis metallorum generibus quondam fabrefacia ruitura, hydram quoque semper nouis hiantem sibilis et Scyllam cum hereditariis catulis non cessantem latrare. Willibald uita Bonif 8 p 460. Beda 1 32 p 73 208. P 13 28 METRICAL AND RHYTHMICAL HYMNS see the extract from Lull above p 181 1 14. Quidam sends to an abbess and nun (Bonif ep 10 95 P 243) uersiculos metrica ratione compositos. 'N' sends to Boniface (ep 99 pp 248 249) hexameters correctionis causa. In his treatise 'de arte metrica' c 24 'de rhythmo' Bede explains that metre is determined by quantity, rhythm by the number of syllables: uidetur autem rhythmus metris esse consimilis, quae est uerborum modulata compositio non 15 metrica ratione, sed numero syllabarum ad iudicium aurium examinata, ut sunt carmina uulgarium poetarum. et quidem rhythmus sine metro esse potest, metrum uero sine rhythmo esse non potest: quod liquidius ita definitur. metrum est ratio cum modulatione; rhythmus modulatio sine ratione: plerumque tamen casu quodam inuenies etiam 20 rationem in rhythmo non artificis moderatione seruatam, sed sono et ipsa modulatione ducente, quem uulgares poetae necesse est rustice, docti faciant docte; quomodo et ad instar iambici metri pulcherrime factus est hymnus ille praeclarus: 25 rex aeterne domine, semper cum patre filius: et alii Ambrosiani non pauci. Specimens of rhythmical riming verse are in Berthgyth's letters 30 (Bonif 148 149 PP 312—314) to her brother uiue uiuens feliciter, | ut sis sanctus simpliciter, | tibi salus per saecula, | tribuatur per culmina. P 16 II A SHORT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF HELP printed p 166. 13 FRIEND AND PUPIL ECGBERT uita Alcuini 2 p 9 Jaffé where is an account of Ecgbert's school. He sent books to Boniface 35 Bonif ep 100 p 250 Jaffé. See the famous catalogue of York library in Alcuin de sanctis Ebor 1525-61. 14 WRITTEN NOT LONG BEFORE BEDA'S DEATH 30 years after the death of Aldfrid king of Northumbria (ep ad Ecgb in Smith 309 51) ie after 705 AD (he V 24, 19 fin). BOOK III NOTES I [III FTER the death of Aeduini, his cousin Osric succeeded in the AFTER kingdom of the Deiri, and Eanfrid, son of Aedilfrid, to the throne of Bernicia. Both these monarchs renounced the christian faith, and fell back into idolatry. Ceadualla king of the Brettones was used 5 as the instrument of Heaven's vengeance on them both. He slew Osric first, in a sally from a town which Osric was besieging, and before the end of the year Eanfrid was also slain by him when he had come to sue for peace. For a year the province of Northumbria was ravaged by the tyrant Ceadualla. To obliterate the memory of 10 these apostate kings, and the sufferings of the province during this unhappy year, the names of Osric and Eanfrid are omitted from the records of the province, and that year added to the term of the reign of Oswald, who, succeeding his brother Eanfrid, slew Ceadualla at Denisesburna. 15 P 19 I INTERFECTO IN PVGNA AEDVINO in the battle of Hathfelth (Hatfield in the W Riding) 12 Oct 633, where he was slain, aet 48, fighting against Ceadualla king of the Britons and Penda the pagan king of the Mercians, after a reign of 17 years over Britons and Saxons (II 20). For the extent of his dominions see II 5 Aeduin rex Nordan- 20 hymbrorum gentis, id est eius quae ad borealem Humbrae fluminis plagam inhabitat, maiore potentia cunctis qui Brittaniam incolunt Anglorum pariter et Brittonum populis praefuit, praeter Cantuariis tantum ; necnon et Meuanias Brittonum insulas, quae inter Hiberniam et Brittaniam sitae sunt, Anglorum subiecit imperio. It is added that Oswald 25 maintained the same boundaries. cf 11 9. Varin 197. 2 REGNVM DEIRORVM called in the Saxon version 'Dera rice', which will account for the orthography Deri, as well as Deiri, found P 30 3. DEIRORVM III 6 end. 5 P 19 3 AELFRICI brother of Aeduin's father Aella, who was king of Deira, as we see (II I end) from the legend of pope Gregory and the Saxon slaves. 92 mentum'. 4 AD PRAEDICATIONEM PAVLINI II 14. FIDEI SACRAMENTIS INBVTVS baptised: glossary 'sacra 5 IN HAS DVAS PROVINCIAS Deira commenced at the Humber and extended to the Tees, and Bernicia stretched from the Tees to the Tweed. The boundaries of the two kingdoms appear to have varied, for IO Some authorities make Deira reach to the Tweed and Bernicia to the Frith of Forth, while others confine Deira to the south of the Tees, but make the northern kingdom extend to the Frith. Smith 103 n. Lappenberg 1 117. 6 GENS NORDANHYMBRORVM defined 11 9 gens Nordanhym15 brorum, hoc est ea natio Anglorum, quae ad aquilonalem Humbrae fluminis plagam habitabat, cum rege suo Aeduino uerbum fidei praedicante Paulino ...suscepit. This was 6 years before Edwin's death (II 20) i. e. A D 627. Eddius uses the term Ultra-Umbrenses 43. 44. 45 bis. 56. 62. 65 end in omnibus regni citra ultraque Umbrensium. 20 25 30 89 TEMPORE TOTO QVO REGNAVIT AEDVINI line I note. 99 9 AEDVINI in masc. proper names which in Saxon end with e the scribe in this MS ends the name in the nominative with i, but makes all the oblique cases of the same form as if the noun were a Latin nominative in us. see 1 I.. 9 10 AEDILFRIDI, QVI ANTE ILLVM REGNAVERAT I 34 Aedilfrid was a terror to the Britons beyond all the kings of the Angles; he utterly routed the Scots at Degsastan A D 603 (the 11th year of his reign of 24 years). The defeat was so complete, that the Scots from that time ceased to invade England (11 5. 111 6. V 23 end. Varin 194). 11 SCOTTOS Beda distinguishes Scots (II 4) qui Hiberniam insulam Brittaniae proximam incolunt, and (v 23 p 219 11 S) Scotti qui Brittaniam incolunt. SIVE 'and'. EXVLABANT P 22 1 26. p 70 1 13. p 81 1 2. See Fordun 35 chron gent Scot III 33 where concerning the conversion of the exiles, and the religious character of the Scots at that day it is said: doctrina sanctorum patrum et predicationibus quorum assidue gloriosa tunc conuersatione Scotia refulsit, ad Christianam perducti sunt fidem. AD DOCTRINAM SCOTTORVM p 24 1 26 seq. p 28 15 seq. cf 11 4. 214 CEADUALLA THE BRITON. P 19 15 VTERQVE REX Osric and Eanfrid. [III 17 PRISCIS IDOLATRIAE SORDIBVS relapse into heathenism also II 5. 15. III 30. 19 CEADVALLA called Catho by Adamnan uita Columbae, and Cadwallo by Fordun chron gent Scot. This Ceadualla, king of the 5 Brettones is not to be confounded with Ceadualla king of the Geuissi mentioned IV [15] and [16]. This king of the Brettones is named Cadwalan in Layamon Madden III 254 where a long account of all the events comprised in this chapter is given. The orthography of this name in the ms, though not that usually adopted, is the only form in 10 the Sax Chronicle or in Flor Wigorn. OPPIDC MVNICIPIO Smith suggests that this must have been Eboracum (York), that being the only town in the province worthy 15 of the name. Eboracum is called municipium by Aur Vict hist Caes XX 27. Smith claims the Saxon in support of his view but 'on municep bære byrig' looks very much as though the translator had taken municipio for a proper name. 23 ANNO INTEGRO to 635 A D. P 2018 ABLATA DE MEDIO REGVM PERFIDORVM MEMORIA P 351 20. IO OSVALDI the remainder of this c and c 2 are versified by Alcuin sanct Ebor 234-273. دو 12 FIDE CHRISTI MVNITO p 19 1 11. p 22 1 27. 20 INFANDVS BRETTONVM DVX 1 1. II 20 Ceadualla, though 25 a Christian in name and profession, was in temper and habits so barbarous, as to spare neither women nor children, torturing all, ravaging the country, and designing the extirpation of the Angles from Britain. He had no esteem for the Christian religion, which had grown up among them: indeed (says Beda) to this day the Britons hold the 30 faith of the Angles in no account, and communicate with them no more than with heathen. 14 DENISESBVRNA identified generally with Dalston near Hexham, but as Hefenfelth was north of the Roman wall (p 21 16) it seems likely that the Rivus Denise was also to the north. For a discus- 35 sion of the question see Smith append xiii. Fordun III 35 says est autem locus pugnae iuxta murum illum qui uocatur Thyrlwall ad aquilonem quo Romani quondam ob arcendos Scotorum impetus totam a mari ad mare praecinxerunt Britanniam. 2] ADORATION OF THE CROSS. II 215 B EFORE engaging in the battle against Ceadualla, Osuald erected a cross and he and his men prayed before it, and their faith was rewarded with victory. The place where the cross was erected 5 was called Hefenfelth (Heaven's field) and many miracles are known to have been performed there; also water in which chips taken from the cross have been steeped, has restored to health both men and cattle when they have either drunk or been sprinkled with it. The brethren of the monastery of Hagustald keep a yearly watch and service on this Io spot for the rest of King Osuald's soul, and a church has since been built there. As an instance of the miraculous powers of this cross and all things connected with it, Beda relates the cure of the broken arm of one of the brethren at Hagustald by means of some moss brought to him from the cross by one of his fellows. 15 6 This chapter is cited in Amalar Metens eccles off 1 14 (Migne CV 1029a, a chapter 'on the adoration of the holy cross') 'some would fain adore the very cross on which the Lord was crucified. I would that it were in all churches, it would be deservedly revered before others. Though every church cannot have it, yet the power of the holy cross 20 is not wanting in those crosses which are made after the likeness of the Lord's cross, as we read in the book of the history of the Angles respecting Oswald,' etc. ib. 1030b-d as we accept the other sayings of dominus Beda, why should we not also accept these, wherein is narrated the Lord's power, displayed by the veneration of the holy cross? If 25 any one shall choose to say, that what Beda reports of the wood of the holy cross did not really happen, and if such a doubter is believed, he will be able to overthrow many testimonies of holy Scriptures, which God forbid. And if any one shall choose to disparage (? succensere) this present deed, he appears to rebel against God who bestowed this power 30 on the wood of the holy cross, that it not only for the present gave the victory to his servant, but also in later time worked miracles by the merits of the holy cross.... But if any one shall say: "Why do you not adore the ass, because the Lord sat on it, or other such things, which the Lord touched with his body?" I reply secundum paruitatem meam, 35 that I do not read on the authority of holy fathers, that miracles and healings were displayed from them, as by the power of the holy cross; and neither do I know that I was redeemed by them as by the holy cross, nor that the devil's arts were scattered, hell gates broken, the |