216

RELICS.

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souls of the righteous led to paradise by them, as by it.' Cf. Lingard II 94 95 on the devotion paid to the cross by the Anglo-Saxons.

STATVI DEBERET statueretur.

5

P 20 23 P 21 3 IN CVIVS LOCO c xli Vita Kentegerni treats of crosses which that saint erected in many places and of the miracles which were wrought at them. One of these was at Glasgow, and of this it is said multi enim arrepticii et a spiritibus immundis uexati nocte dominica solent ad crucem illam alligari et in crastinum inueniuntur mentis com. potes, liberati et mundati, siue aliquotiens mortui aut cita morte defuncturi. Of another it is said ad hanc crucem plures uariis languoribus 10 grauati et maxime furiosi et a demonio uexati ad uesperum uinciuntur et mane multociens sani et incolumes inuenti ad sua libere reuertuntur.

99 4 VIRTVTES miracles=dvváμeis. Miracles also at the place of Alban's martyrdom (1 7 end). Baronius 713 5-16 gives a formal protocol of the cure of a demoniac at Rome by means of the relics of 15 Anastasius; ib 727 12 (end) cures of diseases the customary ministry of

saints.

7 ASTVLAS splinters p 43 1 27. p 501 15. p 105 1 11. cf p 22 19. Greg Tur glor mart I 42.

AQVAS P 36 16. p 39 1 10 and 25. P 431 27. p 50 1 16. 20 P 99 1 14. The virtue of relics was thus multiplied without limit; water, in which they were dipt, could be applied externally or internally (potauerint siue asperserint). Bread blessed by Cuthbert (Beda mirac Cuthb 25 cf uita Cuthb 31) was used in the same way: intingunt lymphis, potandum suscipit aeger. A boy (mirac Cuthb 40) cured of demoniac possession 25 by water mixt with earth on which had been poured lauacrum corporis eius, water in which C had washed himself. Eddius uita Wilfridi 63 a wooden cross raised and miracles wrought on the spot where the water used in washing Wilfrid's corpse was poured out; a nun's withered hand cured by the water in which an abbat's dirty sindon had been 30 washed. Cf Greg Tur glor mart 1 6 col 728°. 13 731°. 71 end.

8 POTAVERINT 'watered', supplied with drink.

IO 12 HEFENFELTH, QUOD PRAESAGIO FVTVRORVM NOMEN

ACCEPIT such reflexions on significant names (Aias Polyneikes Prometheus etc) are common in the classics Valckenaer Eur Ph 639. 35 Blomfield Aesch Pr 87. Fuller cent VII § 63 'a place which time out of mind was called Heafen-feld...by a prolepsis, not answering the name thereof untill this time. Thus it is generally reported, that the place nigh Lipsick, where the king of Sweden got one of his signal victories,

2]

ROMAN WALL.

217

was, time out of mind, termed by the Dutch Gots Acre, or Gods ground. And thus, as Onesimus and Eutychus were so called from their infancy, but never truely answered their names, till after the conversion of the one, and reviving of the other: so places (whether casually, or pro5 phetically) have names anciently imposed upon them, which are sometimes verified many ages after'.

P 21 15 MVRVM P 591 5. p 61 1 3-5. 1 5 (from Orosius) where the uallum of Severus, made of earth, is distinguished from a murus of stone. ibid II the Romans dwelt south of this uallum, as is witnessed 'to this IO day' by their cities, lighthouses, bridges and roads. The passage here quoted (supra) is ibid 12 (from Gildas) after the retirement of the Romans (A D 409) from Britain, the Britons suffered greatly from the incursions of the Picts and Scots (the barbari here meant). On their piteous appeal a legion was sent, which drove back the invaders and, 15 on leaving the island, urged the Britons to build a stone wall from sea to sea. Having no engineer equal to the task, the Britons only raised a uallum of turf. Again they appealed for help, again a legion is sent, which built a solid stone wall on the line of the uallum of Severus, 8 ft broad and 12 high, hactenus famosum atque conspicuum. See also 20 Bedae chronicon A D 426 MHB p 93°. Gildas hist 11-14 MHB pp

IO II. Nennius 19 MHB p 6o. Smith's appendix v. C Wellbeloved Eburacum 1842. J C Bruce the Roman wall3 1867 4to. H Maclauchlan the Roman wall...from original surveys 1857 fol. memoir written during a survey of the Roman wall 1858. E Hübner inscrip25 tiones Britanniae latinae Berol 1873 fol pp 99—164 on the uallum Hadriani. He lays it down as certain that at any rate after Severus no such fortification was raised in Britain. The wall of Hadrian runs from Wallsend on the Tyne to Bowness, almost due E and W, to a length of 73 miles. It consists of three parts: the uallum (mound of 30 earth and trench), a stone wall with towers at intervals and smaller forts of distances of about a mile; stations or larger forts mostly between the murus and uallum. Gildas (cf Beda) has wrongly assigned these three parts to three separate dates. Beda would have the wall constantly in view, as Jarrow lies at the mouth of the Tyne. Varin (106— 35 120) analyses at great length Gildas and Beda, and gives far too much weight to their evidence.

,, 15-30 EST AVTEM LOCVS-STATVERET this passage is omitted from the Saxon version.

218

KING OSWALD.

[III

292 gives as boundaries assigned to Hexham diocese E the sea, S the Tees, W Weterhall, N the Alne Varin 223-231.

P 21 22 FACERE depends on consuetudinem fecerant (18 19). cf p 27 125-27.

P 22 2 3 QVI-ANNOS omitted in the Saxon version as was to be 5 expected.

9 LIGNO p 21 1 7 n.

13 VETERI MVsco in Cockayne's Leechdoms &c II 345 as a cure for elf-disease among other ingredients, "take moss of lichen from the hallowed sign of Christ" and a little further on in the same 10 recipe is prescribed "lichen off a crucifix".

uita

19 REQUIRERE inf of purpose p 34 1 17 n. p 61 1 12. Beda mirac Cuthb 7 (II II II Stev) pascere, non pasci, ueniens. Cuthb 44 74 (II 132 14) perducas me...adorare. Greg dial II 30. Greg Tur glor mart 1 65 (col 796o) ingressi sunt uel defunctorum colli- 15 gere corpora uel columnarum fragmenta rimari.

WH

III

HEN Oswald was settled in his kingdom he sent to the Scots, among whom he had so long lived, and begged them to send him a bishop who might instruct his' people in the Christian faith. They 20 sent him bishop Aedan, a man of exemplary piety, though he still kept Easter after the custom of the northern peoples and not according to Roman use. His see was established in the island of Lindisfarne, and he laboured earnestly for the spreading of the faith. The king often acted as interpreter when Aedan was preaching, for the bishop 25 had not mastered the English language. Many clergy came afterwards from the country of the Scots into England, and churches and monasteries were built in good number. Aedan was a monk of the famous monastery of Hii, which island had been given by the Picts to the Scottish monks a long while before.

Versified in Alcuin sanct Ebor 274-290.

P 22 23 MOX VBI=simul ac.

27 EXVLANS P 19 1 11. The dynasty of Deira, which Oswald dethroned, was in communion with Rome (11 9). Another exile, who enjoyed the hospitality of the Scots and Picts, Ecgbert p 81 1 2.

30

35

5

3]

BISHOP AEDAN.

219

P 22 28 MILITIBVS p 19 1 10 cum magna nobilium iuuentute.

29 ANTISTES for the subsequent labours of the missionary bishop see p 28 1 6. p 29 1 2. P 45 1 27. P 46 1 3 and 30 and 32. cf p 77 14.

P 231 I NEQVE ALIQVANTO TARDIVS 'and soon after', in the same year 635, for (p 77 1 1—4) 664 was the 30th year of the Scottish episcopate in England.

2 PONTIFICEM AEDANVM Aedan is called the son of Lugair and is connected in lineage with St Briged and other distinguished 10 saints (Tighernach 632). The British name for the island assigned to Aedan is Medgoet.

4 NON PLENE SECVNDVM SCIENTIAM p 50l 18 to p 51 1 19 the praise of Aedan is qualified in like manner. Fuller § 71 'whether those words of St Paul, spoken of his country-men the Jews, in reference 15 to their stumbling at Christ, the Saviour of mankind, be fitly appliable to Aidan, onely differing in an outward ceremony, let others decide'. Of the British opponents of the Roman Easter Beda speaks much less charitably II 20 (p 101 1 31-33 S) 'even to this day it is the custom of the Britons to hold the faith and religion of the Angles in no account, and 20 no more to communicate with them in anything than with heathens'. The monks of Hii afterwards conformed, but (v 22 p 217 5-9 S) 'the Britons, who were unwilling to reveal to the Angles that knowledge of Christian faith which they possessed, when the nations of the Angles now believed and were in all points instructed in the rule of 25 catholic faith, themselves adhuc inueterati et claudicantes a semitis suis et capita sine corona praetendunt et sollemnia Christi sine ecclesiae Christi societate uenerantur'. ibid 23 (p 2191 12-14) Brittones, quamuis et maxima ex parte domestico sibi odio gentem Anglorum et totius catholicae ecclesiae statum pascha minus recte moribusque improbis im30 pugnent. Beda himself (III 28 p 82 1 7-11) witnesses that British bishops once took part in a Saxon consecration. cfp71117. non p 90127. 99 5 DIEM PASCHAE DOMINICVM on the paschal controversy

see excursus II.

6 SAEPIVS MENTIONEM FECIMVS II 2 of the Britons who 35 met Augustine at 'Augustine's oak' (p 79 1 17--19 S) non enim paschae dominicum diem suo tempore, sed a quarta decima usque ad uicesimam lunam obseruabant: quae computatio octoginta quattuor annorum circulo continetur. Augustine (ibid p 80 1 18—24) to the Britons: 'though in many points you act contrary to our usage,

220

OBSERVANCE OF EASTER.

[III

nay to that of the universal church; yet if in these three points you are willing to obey me, to wit, the keeping Easter at its proper time; the administration of baptism according to the use of the Roman church; and association with us in preaching to the Angles the word of the Lord'; we will tolerate all other matters of difference. cf II 5 p 82 1 25—30 S. 11 19 p 100 1 8—13 and 15—18 and 29—33 and 36.

P 23 6 A QVARTA DECIMA LVNA VSQVE AD VICESIMAM they counted as Easter day the Sunday which fell, next after the vernal equinox (25 March), between the 14th and 20th (not, as it had come to be at Rome, the 15th and 21st) days inclusive of the moon. cf p 511 13. 10 p 82 1 9.

10

LVNA die lunae.

ANATOLII Beda chron AD 279 Anatolius natione Alexandrinus Laodiceae Syriae episcopus philosophorum disciplinis eruditus, plurimo sermone celebratur, cuius ingenii magnitudo de libro quem super 15 pascha composuit et de decem libris arithmeticae institutionis potest apertissime cognosci. Van der Hagen dissertationes de cyclis paschalibus Amst 1736 4to (anon) 115 seq has proved that the canon paschalis Anatolii Alexandrini Laodicensis episcopi, which cites Isidore, is a forgery, probably made in Britain in the 7th century (printed by Bucherius 20 de doctrina temporum 433; references to it by Beda and others 451). The authority of Anatolius is appealed to by Colman in the synod of Streanæshalch p 74 1 18.

29 13 HIBERNIAE Beda has a partiality for the Irish III 27. IV 26. cf v 9. 12.

ADMONITIONEM II 19 Honorius and John IV wrote to the Scots respecting Easter.

19.

25

14 15 PASCHA CANONICO RITV OBSERVARE DIDICERVNT P 77 V 16 AD 701 the chief part of the Scots in Ireland and some part also of the Britons in Britain at the instigation of Adamnan adopted 'the 30 reasonable and ecclesiastical' time of keeping Easter. V 21 AD 710 Ceolfrid, Beda's abbat at Jarrow, wins Naiton king of the Picts to the Roman usage; his arguments are given at length. v 22 Ecgberct (who had long lived in Ireland v 9) wins the monks of Iona and their dependent cloisters.

16 LOCVM SEDIS EPISCOPALIS endowments p 531 11. c 23 pr. Lingard 1 219. Varin 221-238 minutely investigates the limits of the dioceses of Lindisfarne and Hexham.

For an account of Lindisfarne see also Raine's hist of north Durham.

35