266 FOLCLAND AND BOCLAND. [III adultos, si maluissent, regi armatos commendaret. Greg I replied to Boniface (ep 27 p 90 Jaffé, 22 Nov 726): addidisti adhuc, quodsi pater uel mater filium filiamque intra septa monasterii in infantiae annis sub regulari tradiderint disciplina, utrum liceat eis, postquam pubertatis inoleuerint annos, egredi et matrimonio copulari. hoc omnino deuitamus, 5 quia nefas est, ut oblatis a parentibus deo filiis uoluptatis frena laxentur. Baronius 713 6 the Syrian bp Theopentus devotes his daughter. Isid regula (Menard concordantia regularum ed 1638 p 991). P 66 20 VINVAED the river Aire (Smith) which runs through Leeds (Yorks) p 67 1 13 in regione Loidis. 25 AELFFLEDAM Pagi 670 3. Eddius 57. uit Cuthb 23 24. 34. born 654 A D died 713 A D. AA SS. 27 POSSESSIVNCVLIS 1 2 n. ΙΟ 28 ABLATO STVDIO MILITIAE TERRESTRIS Lingard 1 371 372 'that these lands ceasing to support an earthly thaneship or service, 15 might furnish a fit place and sufficient maintenance for a heavenly service...had not these folclands...been given as bocland to the convent, they would have continued to be, as they had been before, dealt out as benefices to the king's thanes; but...now, being devoted to religious purposes, they were liberated from earthly services for ever.' He also 20 cites ha i Benedict cum esset minister Osuiu regis et possessionem terrae suo gradui competentem illo donante perciperet, annos natus circiter uiginti et quinque fastidiuit possessionem caducam, ut adquirere posset aeternam despexit militiam cum corruptibili donatiuo terrestrem, ut uero regi militaret (shewing 'the distribution of læns or benefices among 25 the Northumbrian thanes') and the letter to Ecgberct, where Beda 'declaims with great eloquence against the many grants of land to monasteries as boclands, on this ground, that boclands did not furnish thanes to fight against invaders in defence of their country' (c 6). 'On this account the number of military men will gradually diminish, till 30 the country will be left naked and defenceless against the incursions of the barbarians' (ibid). He 'complains that so few lands remain to be allotted to the sons of noble Angles and aged warriors, who are obliged on that account to abandon that country for which they ought to draw the sword, and to seek employment in foreign countries' (ibid). Thus 35 it appears that 'the folclands were national property, out of which lens was founefices were distributed to the royal thanes and military men as wards a teheir services' (cod dipl II 120). Charters for the conversion into bocland were granted by the king and confirmed by the י 5 24] ALLOTMENT OF LANDS. 267 witan (ep ad Ecgb 7. 10 end. 11 pr. h a 7 p 297 1 19 S ab Aldfrido rege eiusque consiliariis...terram trium familiarum...comparauit. cod. dipl I 90. 96. 100. 108. 152. II 28). Bocland is 'land conveyed and held by book or charter'. P 87 I FAMILIARVM Lingard 1 370 'the lands of the Anglo-Saxon tribes were parcelled out by measurement or estimation into shares or allotments, each of which was supposed to be capable of yielding a competent support to the settler, his family, labourers, herds and flocks. By Beda these shares are uniformly called terrae familiarum'. In king Io Alfred's version terra familiae is here (and usually) rendered 'hide', but below (p 68 1 8) by folcs. 'Beda's...terra familiae is the Latin translation of folcland;...the shares (folcscearu) into which the lands of the tribe were originally divided, were called folclands, and were governed by folcriht, or the custom of the country, until they were taken 15 out of the common stock and converted by competent authority into boclands, or estates in perpetuity, or for a term of lives, with remainder to some other party for ever.' 3 HERETEV P 137 1 2. Hartlepool in the county of Durham. 6 STREANÆSHALCH Whitby p 7114. p 136 14. 137 1 18. 8 VNDELX=59. Eddius 3. 12 IN ECCLESIA SEPVLTI P 35 1 3 n. 13 LOIDIS Leeds II 14 end (of Paulinus) in Campodono, ubi tunc etiam uilla regia erat, fecit basilicam, quam postmodum pagani, a 25 quibus Aeduini rex occisus, cum tota eadem uilla succenderunt: pro qua reges posteriores fecere sibi uillam in regione Loidis, ie Oswinthorp (Smith). 30 TERTIO DECIMO Osuiu succeeded his bro Oswin A D 642 14 XVII DIE KAL DEC 15 Nov 655. 17 CAPITE PERFIDO Penda is called by Will Malmesb 1 § 50 illud uicinorum excidium, illud perduellionum seminarium. 28 PROPINQVA great granddau of Yffi, founder of the king 268 BISHOP FINAN. [III dom of Deira, whose second son, Aelfric, was Oswin's grandfather (Stevenson). P 67 29 DONARET p 53 l 11 n. 32 ORATIONES P 45 1 15 n. V 12 (p 196 50 S) multos autem preces uiuentium et eleemosynae et ieiunia et maxime celebratio missa- 5 rum, ut etiam ante diem iudicii liberentur, adiuuent. P 68 4 PICTORVM p 2918 n. p 9413 n. p 149 1 22. II 5 p 83 140 S. Eddius 19. 21. 6 PRAEFATO p 581 17, Osuiu's son-in-law ibid 1 21. 8 and 10 FAMILIARVM p 67 1 1 n. IO PROXIMO VERE ie 656, when Easter day fell on 24 Apr. 12 TRIBVS ANNIS at the end of 658. cod dipl n 13 places Oct 672 in the ΤΟ 15 VVLFHERE IV 3 pr. 14th regnal year of Vulfhere, but is marked spurious (Stevenson). 15 Eddius 14 15. 20. 49. cf Pagi 655 13. 675 5. He was second founder of Peterborough abbey. 20 ANNIS X ET VII to 675 AD p 169 1 31. Eddius 20. F INAN succeeded bishop Aedan, and built a church worthy of the episcopal see in the island of Lindisfarne. The paschal controversy was at its height at this time. The Scots were said to keep Easter Sunday contrary to the custom of the universal Church. Ronan 25 a Scot, but educated in Gaul and Italy, was a staunch supporter of the orthodox time of Easter, but he could not influence bishop Finan. So that there were two different times of celebrating Easter observed in the province. For the queen Eanfled observed it according to the rule which she had learnt in Kent, while the king followed the Scottish use. 30 This was tolerated through the episcopates of Aedan and Finan, but when the latter was dead, and Colman, a Scot, consecrated as his successor, a greater controversy arose. Osuiu the king favoured the Scottish observance, but his son Alchfrid, having been instructed by Vilfrid himself trained at Rome, took the opposite side, and gave to 35 Vilfrid the monastery of Inhrypum, which he had previously given to those who held the Scottish opinions, and preferred to resign their 25] SYNOD OF STREANÆSHALCH. 269 monastery rather than change their custom as Alchfrid desired. Agilberct bishop of the West Saxons and a presbyter named Agatho were at this time in the Northumbrian province. So a synod was called at Streanæshalch for the consideration of this and other questions. 5 of the one part were king Osuiu, Colman with the Scottish clergy, the abbess Hild and bishop Cedd, of the other were Alchfrid, Agilberct, Agatho and Vilfrid. After much debate, the controversy was ended thus. The Scots had alleged in defence of their custom, ancient usage and especially the 10 practice of St Columba. In reply Vilfrid urged that the Roman use was derived from St Peter himself, to whom Christ had given the keys of the kingdom of heaven and was therefore to be preferred. Osuiu appealed to Colman, and asked whether St Peter possessed this authority. When the bishop replied "It is true, O king," then he 15 enquired: "Can you shew any such power given to St Columba?" The bishop said "None." Then said the king: "I dare not longer contradict the decrees of him who keeps the doors of the kingdom of heaven, lest he should refuse me admission." Thereupon the assembly agreed to renounce their use and conform 20 to the Roman observance. 25 Ussher ant 482. 486. 487. 499. 1 22. AA SS Febr III 21. Pagi 664 3—16. pp 46 1 33. 491 14. FINAN P 49 28 ECCLESIAM P 49 1 18 and 28. P 69 I DE LAPIDE II 16 pr. p 25 1 4 n. DE ROBORE SECTO Theodori paenitentiale 11 1 3 and 4 ligna ecclesiae. HARVNDINE TEXIT I 19 consumptis domibus quae illic palustri harundine tegebantur. cf p 37 1 28 n. Lingard 1 240-2. II 338-339, who cites the example of Greenstead church Essex, as it was till lately. The walls were 30 formed of the trunks of oak trees sawed down the middle. The halves being cut away at the bottom into a tenon, were inserted into a groove cut in a horizontal piece of timber, which served for the base sustaifiment. A second horizontal piece of timber, grooved like the first, received by way of entablature the ridges of the trunks, which stood 35 with their sawed faces inwards, and within one inch of each other. At the gable ends the trunks rose gradually pedimentwise to the height of fourteen feet.' Cf. Haddan-Stubbs III 190. 5 PLVMBI Wilfrid roofed York cathedral with lead Eddius 16. 270 TWO EASTERS IN ONE YEAR. P 69 8 PASCHAE p 23 1 5 n. Excursus II. [III 9 GALLIIS where Columba suffered obloquy for adhering to the national usage. II RONAN Mabillon annales Bened xv 36 (1 474) cites the instrument of the second founder of a cell at Mazeroles near Lussac on the Vienne, who there sanctum dei peregrinum ex genere Scottorum nomine Ronanum (so Mabillon for Romanum) cum suis peregrinis constituit rectorem. See Gall Chr II 1222 (Stevenson). 12 VEL and. 5 19 SVPRA II 16 (p 97 20 S) of Paulinus habuit autem secum in 10 ministerio et Iacobum diaconum uirum utique industrium ac nobilem in Christo et ecclesia, qui ad nostra usque tempora permansit. ib. 20 (end) uirum utique ecclesiasticum et sanctum. He remained at York and 'won great spoils from the ancient enemy by teaching and baptising.' A village (Akeburg) near Catterick, where he lived, was to Bede's time 15 called by his name. From his skill in singing, when peace returned and the faithful increased, etiam magister ecclesiasticae cantionis iuxta morem Romanorum seu Cantuariorum multis coepit existere: et ipse senex et plenus dierum iuxta scripturas patrum uiam secutus est. 21 EANFLED P 67 1 28. v 19 p 205 14 S. Eddius 2 3. 20 25 BIS IN ANNO VNO L Hensley in DCA "Easter" 'the statement respecting Eanfleda and her followers as still fasting and keeping Palm Sunday, when Oswy had done fasting and was keeping his Easter, must refer to some year not far from 651; and the xiv of the moon fell 25 on Sunday in 645, 647, 648 and 651.' Eus uita Const III 5 § 2 'one party are fasting and mourning, while the others are rejoicing.' ibid 18 § 6. In the years 350, 360, 368 there was a difference of one or more weeks between Alexandria and Rome Hefele Conciliengesch 12 607. Ideler Handb d Chronol II 253. 254. 30 P 70 6 COLMANVS AA SS Febr III 84. DCB no 23. Fordun III 38 adds concerning him Anglorum, qui litterati fuerant, Eddius 10. 35 ferre non ualens inuidiam, episcopatu relicto ad patriam remeauit. 14 LINGVA SO Oswald his brother used to act as interpreter of Aclan's sermons p 23 1 24-27. |