BOOK IV 291 IN I N the year 664 AD, distinguished by the eclipse and the pestilence, archbishop Deusdedit died and on the same month and day died 5 also Erconberct king of Kent. The throne was received by Ecgberct his son, and he in conjunction with Osuiu, king of Northumbria, sent an Angle named Vighard, a presbyter of great learning, to Rome to be consecrated archbishop. But Vighard and nearly all his companions were carried off by a plague before he could be consecrated. The pope IO Vitalian sought carefully for a fit man to send to be archbishop in England. His choice first fell on a learned abbat named Hadrian, a native of Africa, but he excused himself as unworthy of so high a charge, and suggested that a certain monk named Andrew should be appointed. He however was too infirm. After some time Hadrian proposed for the pope's 15 acceptance Theodore a monk learned in Greek and Latin, a native of Tarsus in Cilicia, but then living at Rome. The pope ordained him first subdeacon, and then, when his hair was so far grown that he might receive the circular tonsure on the crown of the head, which was the Roman form, he was consecrated bishop, and started for Britain in 20 company with Hadrian, from whom the pope had required a promise that he would conduct the new archbishop to his see and take heed that he introduced there nothing contrary to the true faith. Hadrian had been into Gaul on two occasions before this. They left Rome May 27 AD 668, and went by sea to Marseilles, then by land to Arles where they 25 were detained till Ebrinus the mayor of the palace at this time gave them leave to travel. Then Theodore visited Agilberct bishop of Paris, and Hadrian went to the bishops of the Senones and the Meldi, for the approach of winter forced them to tarry in Gaul. King Ecgberct heard that they were there and sent an escort for them, but Ebrinus de30 tained Hadrian for some time having a suspicion that he was going on a mission from the emperor into Britain. Eventually finding his fears groundless, he let him follow Theodore, and when he arrived in England the new archbishop set him over the monastery of St Peter, where the archbishops of Canterbury are usually buried, for Vitalian had charged Theodore to provide for Hadrian and his followers. PRAEFATAE P 79 1 3. 4 VIus the succession was Augustine 596 AD, Laurentius 604, Mellitus 619, Iustus 624, Honorius 627, Deusdedit 655. 5 DORVVERNENSIS Theodore seems to be the last of whom this word was employed as his sole title. Brihtwald his successor is the first to whom the present title "Archbishop of Cantuarebyri” is applied 10 Sax chron an 694. This expression is found in the copy of the chronicle Cott Dom A VIII see the note p 66 in Thorpe's edition of the S chron. 8 NON PAVCO TEMPORE from 14 July 664 (1 4) to 26 Mar 668 (p 90 1 29) when Theodore was consecrated. 9 PRAECEDENTE c 29 esp p 83 1 3 n. 15 VITALIANVS consecrated 30 July 657 (Pagi 655 1) died 27 20 SEDVLVS the pope seems to have spared no pains to get a good man, but he seems quite to have taken it for granted that when Wighard was dead, he was at liberty to choose a successor. 21 HIRIDANO ita codex Mori. 20 sed codices primaeuae auctori- 25 tatis in hac uoce differunt. alii enim habent Niridano et quidem recte. locus est iuxta Montem Cassinum (Smith). 22 NEAPOLI CAMPANIAE P 90 l 14. a Gr construction, common in Plin e g XVI § 17 in Campania Italiae. HADRIANVS AA SS 9 Jan. With the character given of his learning cf Anastasius on Leo II (in 30 Baronius 683 1) 'uir eloquentissimus, in diuinis scripturis sufficienter instructus, Graeca Latinaque lingua eruditus, cantilena et psalmodia praecipuus et in earum sensibus subtilissima exercitatione limatus, lingua quoque scholasticus eloquendi maiori lectione polita.' P 90 I GRAECAE ET LATINAE 1 15. p 92 1 18 n. 14 THEODORVS h a 3 at uero papa apostolicus, ne legatariis obeuntibus legatio religiosa fidelium fructu competente careret, inito consilio elegit de suis quem Brittanias archiepiscopum mitteret, Theodorum uidelicet saeculari simul et ecclesiastica philosophia praeditum 35 5 ΙΟ 15 1] FORMS OF TONSURE. 293 uirum et hoc in utraque lingua Graeca scilicet et Latina, dato ei collega et consiliatore uiro aeque strenuissimo ac prudentissimo Adriano abbate. Benedict Biscop also (from whom the tradition would pass unadulterated to Beda) was induced to return home with Theodore, cui uel illo pergenti uel ibidem docenti pariter interpres existere posset et ductor. See his penitential in Haddan-Stubbs III. Mabillon AA SS Ben saec II. P 90 20 ADISSET for this reason probably Ebrinus looked upon Hadrian with more suspicion than he did upon Theodore. 22 PROPRIORVM ie 'he had a competent number of slaves of his own' which would be a saving of cost. 23 DILIGENTER adtenderet the germs of a papal nuncio; so John the chanter c 18. Already Rome was jealous of correspondence between the Eastern and English churches. 26 TONDI Ionas uita Eustasii 12 (Migne LXXXVII 1051cd charge against Columban's disciple) capitis comam aliter tondi. 27 TONSVRAM p 70 1 20 n. p 76 1 24 n. Ceolfrid in his letter to Naiton king of the Picts (v 21) treats at large of the tonsure (p 214 1 34 seq S) hortor ut ecclesiasticam et Christianae fidei congruam habere 20 curetis. True, the apostles were not all shaven alike, nor has the catholic church one only form of tonsure. Job let his hair grow in prosperity, shaved it off in his troubles. Joseph wore his hair long in prison, shaved it off on his discharge. The difference of tonsure does not hurt those who have a pure faith in God and love to their neighbour; esp as the catholic 25 fathers had no controversy about it, as about Easter or the faith; still of all tonsures found in the church or in mankind, I may justly say that we should embrace none more than that worn on his head, to whom the Lord said Tu es Petrus; should detest none more than his to whom Peter said 'Thy money perish with thee.' Nor are we shorn in coronam only 30 for the reason, that Peter was so shorn; but because Peter was so shorn in memory of the Lord's passion, representing the crown of thorns; by this tonsure we declare ipso etiam frontispicio our readiness to bear mockeries for our Lord's sake, and our hope of the crown which he has promised to them that love him. ceterum tonsuram eam quam magum 35 ferunt habuisse Simonem, quis rogo fidelium non statim cum ipsa magia primo detestetur et merito exsufflet adspectu? At first sight it looks like a crown, but as you follow it to the neck, decurtatam eam quam te uidere putabas inuenies coronam. Such a habit befits Simoniacis et non Christianis, who will miss the crown everlasting. Not that all will be rejected 294 IRISH MODE OF TONSURE. [IV who have this tonsure, if by faith and good works they favour catholic unity; as for instance Adamnan, whom, when sent on an embassy to king Alfrid he visited our monastery, I asked why, hoping for a crown of endless life, he wore terminatam in capite coronae imaginem? if he sought the society of Peter, why he imitated the tonsure of him whom 5 Peter anathematised? He replied: "Though, brother beloved, I have Simon's tonsure after the fashion of my country, yet I detest with all my mind Simoniac perfidy.' I rejoined: 'What you embrace in the heart, you should display openly.' Naiton decreed that all the clerks of his realm should accept the tonsure 'so full of reason.' adtondebantur 10 omnes in coronam ministri altaris ac monachi. Ecgberct brought the monks of Iona to the Roman usage in respect of Easter and the tonsure (v 22) immutauit piis ac sedulis exhortationibus inueteratam illam traditionem parentum eorum, de quibus apostolicum illum licet proferre sermonem, quod 'aemulationem dei habebant sed non secundum scientiam,' 15 catholicoque illos atque apostolico more celebrationem...praecipuae sollemninitatis sub figura coronae perpetis agere perdocuit. V 12 (p 197 28 S) monachica sit tonsura coronatus. anon uita Cuthb II (§ 12 p 265 of Stevenson's Beda II) postquam seruitutis Christi iugum tonsuraeque Petri formam in modum coronae spineae caput Christi cin- 20 gentis... susceperat. Almost the same words in Eddius 6 pr. [Alcuin] de diuinis officiis 25. 37 end (Migne CI 1233a. 1238). Aldhelm (in his letter to Geruntius in Jaffé's Boniface ep 1 pp 26 27) speaks at length of the obstinacy of the Britons in defending their national tonsure, that of Simon Magus, and rejecting that of St Peter. capitula sel can Hibern 25 (D'Achery spicil IX 45) c 6 'de tonsura Britonum' where Gildas is cited quorum tonsura aure ad aurem tantum contingebat. c 7 PATRICIVS si quis clericus, cuius capilli non sunt tonsi Romano more, debet excommunicari (cf Labbe conc III 1478 Patricii conc can 6). The first and second 'orders' or ages of Irish saints had one tonsure 30 'from ear to ear', and one Easter ‘after the vernal equinox, on the 14th moon' (O'Conor rer Hib scr 11 162-5). Germanus abp of Constantinople (Migne XCVIII 392d or in W B Marriott uestiarium christianum 1868 p 82) 'the tonsure of the priest's head and the circle cut away in the midst of the hair is in place of the crown of thorns worn by Christ. 35 The double circlet marked out by the hair of the head, sets forth in semblance the honoured head of the apostle Peter.' A Roman council AD 721 can 17 (Mansi XII 264) excommunicated priests who let the hair grow. conc Tolet IV c 41. Isid off eccl 11 7 (Marriott p 68) 'the I cutting off the hair from the upper part of the head, and leaving it lower down in the form of a crown, is in our judgement a figurative setting forth of the priesthood and royalty of the church.' Honor Augustod gemma animae I 193 (ibid 134). Ussher antiq 478 479. Alford ann 664. 5 Mabillon AA SS Ben saec III pt 1 praef § 1 pp iij-xiv. Schröckh xx 155 seq. Thomassin la discipline de l'église pt II bk 1 c 20 21 who honestly says in effect c 20 § 15 that there seems to be no historical warrant for the use of the apostles' names. C C F Siegel Alterthümer Leipz 1828 under Tonsur. Rock church of our fathers 1 185-8. DCA IO hair. tonsure. The three tonsures are 1) St Peter's (the Roman) 'the hair shorn away from the top of the head in a circular shape more or less wide, according as the wearer happened to be high or low in order : the hair clipt over the ears and all about the neck in such a way, that from behind and on the sides it looked like a ring or crown around 15 the head.' 2) that of Simon Magus (the Irish) 'made by cutting away the hair from the upper part of the forehead in the figure of a halfmoon, with the convex side before' (Rock). 3) that of St Paul (that of Theodore and the Greeks, see note on 1 28). P 90 28 PAVLI Germanus (Migne XCVIII 396a) 'the shaving the 20 whole head is in imitation of James the brother of God and of the apostle Paul' (Marriott p 86). Ratramnus contra Graecorum opposita IV 5 (LXXI 322a Migne) clerici qui barbam quidem nutrientes at uero caput penitus capillis omni ex parte nudant. In the vision h e IV 14 St Peter is attonsus ut clericus, St Paul has a long 25 beard. 29 VII KAL APR 26 Mar 668, which by De Morgan's tables was Passion Sunday, the 5th in Lent. 30 VI KAL IVN 27 May. 32 ARHELAS Pagi 668 5 infers that Arles belonged to Neustria 30 and was its capital. For Theodore passed unmolested through Marseille, which belonged to Childeric king of Austrasia, but was detained at Arles by Ebroin, mayor of the palace to Clotaire III king of Neustria and Burgundy. 35 P 91 I IOHANNI Gallia Christ I 542 (Stevenson). 3 COPIAM PERGENDI the sovereigns of Gaul and their chief ministers claimed the right to arrest any travellers to whose reasons for passing through their country they might conceive an objection. When Wilfrid in 678 AD went to Rome a message was sent to Theodoric then king of Neustria, desiring him to detain the bishop on his journey. He, |