such a way as not to break the connection between dependent parts, they are cut off by but one comma, which comes after them if they commence the sentence, but before them if they end it; as, “Unquestionably, Napoleon was a man of genius."-" Generally speaking, an indolent person is unhappy.”—“This is the case, beyond a doubt."-"See the hollowness of thy pretensions, O worshipper of reason."

Observe, however, that such expressions as are restrictive do not fall under this rule.

§ 128. A comma must also be placed after the following and similar words, which are rarely, and some of them never, used parenthetically, when they stand at the commencement of sentences, and refer, not to any particular word, but to the proposition as a whole :

As, "Yes, the appointed time has come."-" Why, this is rank in. justice."-"Well, follow the dictates of your inclination."

§ 129. A comma must be placed after here and there, now and then, when they introduce contrasted clauses or members; as, "Here, every citizen enjoys the blessings of personal freedom; there, despotism forges fetters for thought, word, and action."

§ 130. The comma may be omitted in the case of too, also, therefore, and perhaps, when introduced so as not to interfere with the harmonious flow of the period, and, particularly, when the sentence is short; as, "Industry gains respect and riches too."-"He delivered a lecture on Monday evening also."-" Perhaps they are safe."

§ 131. In the case of adjuncts immediately following a verb, the con nection is often so close that a comma is inadmissible; as, "I did it with my own hand."

§ 132. Adverbial, adjective, and hypothetical clauses, if very short,

§ 127. Repeat Rule II. What expressions do not fall under this rule?

§ 128. What other words, rarely used parenthetically, take a comma after

them when they stand at the commencement of sentences?

§ 129. State the rule relating to here and there, now and then.

130. In the case of what words may the comma be omitted?

§ 131. What is said of the connection in the case of adjuncts immediately following a verb?

§ 132. When may adverbial, adjective, and hypothetical clauses be used withut the comma?

closely connected, and introduced so as not to interfere with the harmonious flow of the sentence, need not be cut off by the comma; as, "I began this work two years ago at Rome."

§ 133. A participial clause that relates to, and immediately follows, the object of a verb, must not be separated from it; as, "We see our companions borne daily to the grave."

§ 134. Clauses that would otherwise be set off by the comma, if subdi. vided into parts which require the use of this point, must be separated by the semicolon, according to the rule in § 112, where an example is given.

RULE III.—RESTRICTIVE ADJUNCTS AND CLAUSES.

§ 135. No comma must be placed between restrictive adjuncts or clauses (see § 121) and that which they restrict; as, 66 The of Providence is constantly upon us. "Who can

eye

respect a man that is not governed by virtuous principles?" Vocative and causal clauses (see § 43) are never restrictive, and must therefore be set off by the comma.

§ 136. Relative clauses introduced by the pronoun that, as well as those in which the relative is not expressed, are restrictive, and must have no comma before them; as, "Suspect the man that can not look you in the eye."-" The day we celebrate is one of the proudest in our national history."

§ 137. A restrictive clause, however, must be set off by a comma, when it refers to several antecedents which are themselves separated by that point; as, "There are many painters, poets, and statesmen, whom chance has rendered famous rather than merit."

§ 138. A rule of syntax requires that a restrictive clause should stand immediately after its logical antecedent; if, however, a sentence is so loosely constructed as to have other words intervene between the antecedent and the restrictive clause, a comma should be placed before the

§ 133. In what case may the comma be omitted before a participial clause? § 134. In what case does the semicolon take the place of the comma between clauses?

§ 135. Repeat Rule III., respecting restrictive adjuncts and clauses. What clauses are never restrictive? How must they, therefore, be set off?

§ 136. What relative clauses are restrictive, and must therefore have no comma before them?

§ 137. In what case must a restrictive clause be set off by a comma?

§ 138. What is the proper position for a restrictive clause? If other words are introduced between the clause and its antecedent, what change must be made in the punctuation?

latter; as, “He can have no genuine sympathy for the unfortunate, that has never been unfortunate himself." With its parts correctly arranged, this sentence requires no point; as, "He that has never been unfortunate himself can have no genuine sympathy for the unfortunate.”

§ 139. When there is a succession of restrictive clauses relating to the same antecedent, they are separated from each other by commas, and the first must be set off from the antecedent by the same point; as, "Countries, whose rules are prompt and decisive, whose people are united, and whose course is just, have little to fear, even from more powerful nations."

§ 140. A comma is also generally placed before a restrictive clause containing of which, to which, or for which, preceded by a noun; as, "We have no sense or faculty, the use of which is not obvious to the reflecting mind."

§ 141. A participial clause is restrictive when the participle it contains can be exchanged for the relative that and a finite verb without injury to the sense. "A man discharging his duty under trying circumstances is worthy of our confidence;" here, discharging is equivalent to that discharges, and the clause is restrictive. In such a case, no comma must separate the clause from the antecedent, unless the principle embodied in § 137 applies.

EXERCISE.

In the following sentences, insert commas wherever required by rule:

UNDER $127. But for this event the future liberator of Rome might have been a dreamer.-Thou sayest right barbarian.-Great poet as Petrarch is he has often mistaken pedantry for passion.-When a people suffer in vain it is their own fault.-Happier had it been for many had they never looked out from their own heart upon the world. What are good laws if we have not good men to execute them?Low though the voice the boast was heard by all around.-Amazed at what had taken place the barons mechanically bent the knee.-Impatient to finish what he had begun Cæsar allowing his army no rest pushed forward to the capital.-Though neither honest nor eloquent the demagogue often controls the people.-To say the truth it was a goodly company.-From this time forth no sound of merriment

§ 139. State the principle that applies to a succession of restrictive relative clauses relating to the same antecedent.

§ 140. What is said of restrictive clauses containing of which, &c., preceded by a noun ?

§ 141. When is a participial clause restrictive? In such a case, must it be separated from its antecedent?

was ever heard in those lordly halls; on the contrary silence and gloom hung over them like a pall.-Nevertheless though you have wronged me thus I inflict no vengeance.-When I became a man I laid aside childish things. Are ye bewildered still O Romans? 1

UNDER § 128. Well honor is the subject of my story.-Yes it often happens that when we get out of the reach of want we are just within the reach of avarice.-Again one man's loss is sometimes another man's gain.-Verily this is a troublous world.-Furthermore we are always suspicious of a deceitful man's motives.-Nay though the whole world should do wrong this is no excuse for our offences.-First let us look at the facts.

UNDER § 129. Then the world listened with pleasure to the rude strains of the troubadour; now the divine thoughts of the most gifted geniuses can hardly command its attention.-Here we have troubles, pains, and partings; there we are allowed to look for an unbroken rest the elevated pleasures of which (see § 140) no heart can conceive.

UNDER § 130. Perhaps there is no man so utterly unhappy as the useless drone.-I have seen this, and can therefore describe it with accuracy.-Pythagoras made many discoveries in geometry and astronomy also. I can give you some information on the subject being a farmer and a practical one too. I was also there; you are therefore mistaken.

UNDER $131. The love of life is deeply implanted in the human heart. To sum the matter up in a few words his hand is against every man's. A tree is known by its fruits.-Banished from his native country Eschines retired to Rhodes where he opened a school of oratory that became famous throughout all Greece.

The golden wain rolls round the silent North,

And earth is slumbering 'neath the smiles of heaven.

UNDER 132. You may go if you wish.-We frequently meet enemies where we expect friends.-Columbus maintained his theory with a confidence which went far towards convincing his hearers.-All these things will have passed away a hundred years hence.-Satan goes about like a roaring lion seeking whom he may devour.

UNDER § 133. How many have seen their affection slighted and even betrayed by the ungrateful!-We hear the good slandered every day.― Alexander the Great had a large city built in honor of his favorite horse.

UNDER § 134. During the fourteenth century Italy was the India of a vast number of well-born but penniless adventurers who had inflamed their imaginations by the ballads and legends of chivalry who from youth had trained themselves to manage the barb, and bear alike through summer's heat and winter's cold the weight of arms and who passing into an effeminate and distracted land had only to exhibit bravery in order to command wealth.

UNDER 135. The quality of mercy is not strained.-How soft the music of those village bells!—Good nature is a sun which sheds light on all around.-He who is a traitor to his country is a serpent which turns to bite the bosom that warms it.-Mahomet always observed the forms of that grave and ceremonious politeness so common in his country.

UNDER $136. Is there a heart that music can not melt ?-Anger is a fire that consumes the heart.-The evil that men do, lives after them.The land we live in is on many accounts bound to our hearts by the strongest ties.-Men are willing for the most part to overlook the faults of those they love.

UNDER 137, There was no man, woman, or child that the tyrant Nero did not heartily hate.-The profligate man is a stranger to the innocent social enjoyments, the gushing affections, and sacred domestic pleasures which to the virtuous constitute a never-failing source of satisfaction and contentment.-The Lydians, the Persians, and the Arabians that wish to leave the army, are at liberty to do so.

UNDER $138. An author can not be readily understood who is unacquainted with the art of punctuation.-All is not gold that glitters.Clauses must be set off by commas which are introduced parenthetically. -That man is not fit to be the head of a nation who prides himself on being the head of a party. (Punctuate the sentences in this paragraph as they stand; then arrange them in their proper order, and point them accordingly.)

UNDER 139. We should have respect for the theories of a philosopher whose judgment is clear, whose learning is extensive, and whose reasonings are founded on facts even though his deductions may conflict with generally received opinions.

UNDER 140. Have no desire for a reputation the acquisition of which involves dishonesty or deceit.-The barometer is an instrument the usefulness of which to the navigator can hardly be overestimated.All physicians tell us that dyspepsia is a disease the remedy for which it is hard to find.-Napoleon had from youth fixed his eyes on a pinnacle of greatness the path to which he knew was filled with tremendous obstacles.

UNDER $141. Those distinguished for honesty and activity rarely if ever in this land of business energy lack employment.-This was to be expected in a country overrun with disbanded soldiers whose only means of subsistence were theft and violence.-No person found guilty of felony is allowed to hold office.-We can not too much pity the lot of a child thrown at a tender age on the charities of the world.

LESSON XXII.

THE COMMA (CONTINUED).

RULE IV.-APPOSITION.

§ 142. SINGLE Words in apposition and appositional clauses must be set off by the comma; as, "The fate of Rienzi, the

$142. Repeat Rule IV., respecting words in apposition and appositional clauses.