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SATURDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1874.

LITERATURE

The Life of Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston; with Selections from his Correspondence. By the late Right Hon. Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer (Lord Dalling). Vol. III. Edited by the Hon. Evelyn Ashley, M.P. (Bentley & Son.) To complete another man's work,-especially such a work as Lord Dalling's Life of Palmerston, which, where it was not a transcript of Palmerston's Diaries and letters, consisted almost exclusively of the author's reminiscences, in which his own autobiographical fragments were quite as plentiful as notices of his hero,-must always be a somewhat thankless task, and, as regards the volume before us, Mr. Evelyn Ashley's task, if comparatively easy, seems to have been more thankless than usual. Lord Dalling left a number of fragments which he had intended to work up into his narrative, and Mr. Ashley was commissioned to use them all up without alteration. "It became necessary, therefore," he says, "literally to piece the garment together, and to connect the eloquent tatters by means of new matter." The patchwork presented to us hardly answers that description, as Lord Dalling's "tatters" contain very few threads of eloquence, and Mr. Ashley's "matter" is only new in so far as it has never been printed before, being made up, with the exception of a few connecting sentences, of selections from Lord Palmerston's correspond ence. That correspondence, dating from 1835 to 1847, occupies about 300 pages of the volume, while Lord Dalling's fragments, referring to events that happened between 1842 and 1848, occupy only about 120 pages. Mr. Ashley's attempt to group these miscellaneous contents in chapters and to arrange them in something like chronological order does not render the work less clumsy, and he will probably admit that his first experiment in literary tailoring is inartistic. As Lord Dalling's "tatters" have comparatively little to do with Lord Palmerston, nearly half being explanations of, and apologies for, Lord Dalling's own conduct in connexion with the Spanish marriages, and a good deal of the remaining space being filled with an exposition of his views on political economy and sundry anecdotes about himself, it would have been much better, we should think, if it was absolutely necessary to print them at all, to relegate them to a small-type appendix. Such a course would have enabled Mr. Ashley to edit Lord Palmerston's letters in a more orderly way; if he was not at liberty to incorporate them in a regular biographical narrative, at any rate to link them together with more explanatory paragraphs than he has here allowed himself. Faulty as the book is, however, we hardly need say that it is extremely interesting. It is full of letters that every one will be glad to read, a great many of which furnish welcome evidence of Palmerston's personal character and disposition, as well as of his merits and demerits as a statesman, while many others are valuable mémoires pour servir in illustration of English and European politics a quarter of a century ago.

Lord Dalling's two volumes, which were

published four years ago, brought down his
memoirs of Palmerston to 1841; but as Lord
Dalling was pre-eminently a diplomatist, and
as his work seems all along to have been
planned especially in illustration of his hero's
foreign policy, and of his own political services
under Palmerston, comparatively little atten-
tion was paid in it to Palmerston's connexion
with home affairs. Mr. Ashley, therefore, in the
new volume, very properly goes over part of
the ground occupied by his predecessor, in
order to give us several of Palmerston's letters
to his brother, Sir William Temple, then
ambassador at Naples. These letters have a
value of their own. They help to show us
the statesman as he really was, we can
hardly say with his statesman's robes off, for
he was always a statesman more or less, but
without any of the restraint and stiffness that
might be expected in his public appearances
and in his correspondence with strangers. It
is to his credit that these family letters pre-
sent him in almost exactly the same light as
the others. He is now and then a little more
outspoken; occasionally he turns aside to
gossip about the race-horses that he is train-
ing or running, the slate quarry out of which
he is trying to make a fortune, and so forth;
but for the rest there is no difference between
the private and the public correspondence. The
private communications therefore show, not
only how engrossed he was in politics, but later, on September 30:
also how straightforward and honest were
nearly all his public utterances.
66 There was,"
said Lord Dalling, in the second volume, "
manliness, a high breeding, if I may use the
expression about his thoughts, which kept
them, under all circumstances, at a healthy
elevation. They were always full of life and
freshness. You can fancy as you read him
that he had just come home from his ride to
Wormwood Scrubs before breakfast, and had
infused the morning air into his letters and
despatches." This sometimes gives an appear-
ance of flippancy to the despatches, a flippancy
that was also very notable in his Parliamentary
demeanour; but it needs no apology if it is
the genuine outcome of the man's natural
disposition. The detailed and private memoirs
of Lord Palmerston will not enhance his
reputation as a great statesman; they will
to some extent strengthen the disbelief in
his great statesmanship that has been grow
ing ever since his death, but they will help
to prove that, if he was not so great, he was
more honest than many critics in his lifetime
supposed.

act dispassionately and with responsibility upon
them, will be found acting very much alike."

When Lord Melbourne's Government was defeated in 1839, however, and Sir Robert Peel again became Premier, Palmerston began to complain bitterly of the foreign policy of his opponents, and to rejoice over their dissensions on domestic politics. This extract from a letter, written in March, 1842, contains an excusable touch of malice:—

"There is a storm getting up against the Income Tax, but I think Peel will carry it notwithstanding; a few days more, however, will show more fully how this will be. He will probably be obliged to make some modifications in it. The landed gentlemen are angry. Malmesbury said to me two days ago, 'Peel hit us a right-hander with his Corn Law, and a hard left-hander with his Income Tax, but this measure about timber is a regular facer. My father and grandfather have thinking of doing some good with my elms and not touched a stick for forty years, and now I was thinking of doing some good with my elms and firs, when down comes Peel with his free importation of Canada timber, and my trees will not be worth a farthing.' Many Tories hold the same language, and abuse Peel most vehemently. I think these measures will greatly shake the Government, though they will not this year overthrow it. But people will now begin to see that better bargain for the agriculturists and landed our plan of last year would have been a much

Mr. Ashley's series of letters begins with the spring of 1835, when, Peel's short-lived administration having been defeated, it was replaced by a Melbourne Cabinet, and Palmerston succeeded Wellington as Foreign Minister. By that time he had come to be a thorough Whig, but a Whig very free from the cliquism and narrow-minded partisanship that are the traditional characteristics of the party. We find him writing to his brother :

"The Duke has acted with great fairness and honour in his administration of our foreign relations; he has fulfilled with the utmost fidelity all the engagements of the Crown; and feeling that the existence of his Government was precarious, he made no arbitrary changes in our system of interests continue the same let who will be in policy. The truth, however, is, that English office, and that upon leading principles and great measures men of both sides, when they come to

a

interest than Peel's is."

These sentences were written half a year

"The Tory party are indignant with Peel and the Government for having deceived them and thrown them over in every matter which the Tories thought most important; but these same Tories will still rally round the Government whenever it is attacked, rather than have the Liberal party again in power. Sidney Herbert told me yesterday that one of the Peers, speaking of Peel the other day at Wilton, said: 'If a highwayman apprehended, tried, and hanged, and at least I stops me on the road and robs me, I have him have my revenge to make amends for my loss; but here I am robbed by Peel of far more than the highwayman would take from me, and I can get no redress. Our foreign affairs are getting fast falling from the position in which we had into the most miserable state, and the country is placed it. This Ashburton treaty is a most disgraceful surrender to American bully, for I cannot even give Ashburton and the Government the credit of having been outwitted. They must have known the value and extent of all the concessions they were making; and the provoking part of the without any real necessity whatever, and instead matter is, that those concessions have been made of finally closing our account with the United States, will only be looked upon by them as a first instalment."

The persistent development of Lord Palmerston's foreign policy may be traced in detail throughout the volume before us. But with its outlines, at any rate, all our readers are familiar. There is more freshness in some of the less familiar traits of which the book gives evidence. Here is part of a letter, dated May, 1843, in which he tells his brother that he and his wife "enjoy being out of office greatly" :—

"I have been busy reading books on agriculture and horticulture, and trying to acquire some knowledge on those matters, which are now become sciences. If one does not know something of them oneself, one can never hope to get one's estate or garden well managed. I have let all my farms at Broadlands that were out of lease, and tolerably well, in spite of the badness of the times. I had a shocking set of bad tenants, but have got rid of most of them, and have brought in people with skill and capital. Our new gardener does