first four lines of this song are much older "? In 'Auld Robin Gray,' we believe the more common reading, O sair did we greet, and muckle did we say, We took but ae kiss, and we tore ourselves away,is justly considered an alteration of the original : O sair did we greet, an mickle say o' a', some southern press-reader's vile emendation as to It is "a far cry" from the songs themselves to the influence which they have exerted upon the character of the Scottish people, the proI gied him but ae kiss, an' bade him gang awa'; blem which Dr. Clarke Murray has set himself in which the authoress portrayed the stern to solve. Rather, we ought to say, the proresolve with which her heroine, now that she blem which the "St. Andrew's Society of was married to Auld Robin, steeled her heart Glasgow" set, and Dr. Clarke Murray has against the memory of Jamie's love, which his essayed to puzzle out. We do not know presence could not fail to awaken. We have whether the St. Andrew's Society of Glasgow one serious quarrel with Miss Aitken in is satisfied with the solution; whether, indeed, giving us Hogg's delicious lyric, 'When the it has made up its mind-we suppose a society kye comes hame,' she has sanctioned the has a mind, though it has no conscienceabomination of printing it 'When the kye as to what the solution means; or whether it come hame,' in defiance of Scottish usage, is a solution at all. To us it rather recalls Scottish grammar, Hogg's own authority, and a story told of a blacksmith in a Scottish the rhythm of the chorus. As is well known village, now become a busy manufacturing to every student of English, the Northern town, who by virtue of a large stock of dialect made the plural of the verb in -s at the mother-wit, and one winter's attendance at the earliest period of which we have any evidence; veterinary classes in Edinburgh, had come to recent study of the Lowland Scotch dialects be the oracle of the place. In his smithy, the has shown that the usage of the Scottish single weekly newspaper taken by the villagers writers during the whole range of Scottish was read aloud; the blacksmith supplying a literature is still the usage of the spoken running comment upon the text, so tongue, viz., that the original plurals, though adapt it to the comprehension of "such as dropped when the verb is accompanied by its were of weaker capacity." One evening the proper pronoun, is retained in all other posi- reader stumbled across the word "Metations, as exemplified in the common proverbs, physics," upon which one of the auditors at "Folk 'at comes unbidden, sits unser'd," once stopped him, and called upon the black"thaim 'at hes, aye gets mair." Scotch, as smith for an explanation of this "uncanny" a literary tongue, became extinct in the course term. The smith hammered at his anvil hard, of the seventeenth century; a century later, pulled at his bellows long, wiped his brow, when it attained a renaissance, as the vehicle pree'd his "sneeshin' mull," sneezed and pree'd his "sneeshin' mull," sneezed and of popular poetry and song, people forgot that coughed audibly; and after these deliberate it had a grammar as well as a vocabulary and preliminaries, he broke the silence by saying pronunciation of its own, and, instead of that it was true he had himself a thorough seeking for this grammar in the two sources understanding of the word, but he was not where it still survived, -the mouths of the sure that he could quite bring it down to the living and the writings of the dead, they capacities of his hearers; however, he would try. forced their natural dialect into the artificial "Ye mae hae chanced to see," said he, "whan mould of a foreign syntax. "The cows come ye 've been argufyin' wi' a neibor on some home," said the pedant, is grammatical English; point or other, that dui what ye micht, ye ergo, "the kye come hame" must be the coodna verra weel make oot what it was that corresponding Scotch. There is an excellent the tother side wantit to be at; an' verra and, we believe, authentic story told of Hogg liklie at the same time ye fand 'at dui what in reference to this very point. He had ye micht, ye coodna get yer opponent to get written and printed his song with true, un- ony inklin' o' what ye wantit to be at; an' sophisticated instinct, "When the kye comes maebees, a' the while, nane o' the twae o' ye hame," when some parish dominie took him cood juist exackly tell, gin ye war ax't, what to task for his "bad grammar"; and soon ye wantit to be at yersels-that was Metaphysics!" Into some such delightful metaafter, being called upon to give the song at physics! a wedding, he sang it "When the kye come physical muddle the Canadian Professor's hame." When the applause which followed problem seems to have landed him. problem seems to have landed him. A priori, his performance died away, a tailor lad, who, the songs and ballads of Scotland must have if we forget not, was groom's man, said sen- exerted a mighty influence upon the Scottish tentiously, "That's a d-'d affeckit way o'character; but, à posteriori, it is hard to make character; but, à posteriori, it is hard to make sayin' 't, too!" The tailor lad was right; out what influence they have exerted on the that " way o' sayin' 't" was pure affectation, Scottish character, or, indeed, to find anything worthy of any amount of execration; the at all in the Scottish character likely to be due Shepherd felt he was right too, and let himself to their influence; and, à fortiori, if you be thenceforth guided by the light of Nature should find anything likely, it is hard to make should find anything likely, it is hard to make rather than the oil-lamp of Lindley Murray, out whether the ballads produced it, or it though we daresay he, like all the men of produced the ballads. We dare say this was that generation,for the Early English Text about as coherent a solution as such a problem Society was yet in the far future,-went to admitted of; and the St. Andrew's Society his grave with the belief that Nature was of Glasgow might now, perhaps, with adof Glasgow might now, perhaps, with adsometimes guilty of "bad grammar." Might vantage propose the converse problem, "What we suggest that Miss Aitken, out of respect influence has the Scottish character had upon for the Shepherd's memory, and for the pure the national songs and ballads?" If they vernacular of what she, with evident pride, should do so, we offer intending competitors calls "my native country," should cancel the two suggestions to work out. The exuberance leaf which bears the offending monosyllable of Scottish song and ballad is largely due to the hard matter-of-fact and prosaic struggle for existence entailed by an ungenial climate and a niggard soil. Men must have enjoyment somewhere; if outward circumstances offer it not, they will find it in the realms of fancy and of faith; the spiritual world in all its forms will be nearer to them; they will have by turns, or it may be at once, an exuberant poetic taste, and an earnest, perhaps fanatical, religious faith. Then also, the exuberance of Scottish ballad lore is largely due to the checked display of those social and national propensities to which a niggard soil and an insecure existence gave rise. Times of action are not times of sentiment. Ballads do not arise till the state of things which they celebrate has passed away. But when the growth of social order arrested the display of the right of might and the law of passion, without as yet removing the tastes and tendencies in such directions, the men of action became the men of fancy, and ballads arose, to tell, under the guise of what fathers had done, what children and grandchildren still fain would do. It is instructive to see what a vast proportion of the Scottish ballads have originated since the union of the crowns, and even since the union of the kingdoms. Dr. Clarke Murray accepts as of axiomatic force the text furnished by Fletcher of Saltoun, "I knew a very wise man that believed that if a man were permitted to make all the ballads, he need not care who should make the laws of a nation." The foolish beliefs of "a wise man" generally find more disciples than his wisdom, and the audacious paradox of this one has made it a stock quotation with young men in "Literary Associations," who have not much prospect of ever becoming lawmakers, but mean some day to regenerate the world with an epic. But Dr. Clarke Murray himself betrays an uneasy doubt of its validity, and comes nearer the truth of the matter when he finds that when a struggle has taken the form of Ballad versus Law, ballads could neither save a poetic party nor dethrone a prosaic dynasty.— "With all the literature of song on their sides, the wonder naturally arises that the Stuarts should have been so perpetually unsuccessful, that men began to talk mysteriously of their evil star, and the devout to see in their fate an answer from heaven to the cry of the people whom they had oppressed. It is for the historian to investigate the causes of this defeat; but it is not wholly beyond the province of this essay to observe that the Whigs were the men of work, the Jacobites the men of sentiment in their times. If the sterner nature and more practical activity of the former gave them little opportunity for indulging the enthusiasm which finds its natural outlet in song, the sentimentalism of the latter took from them that practical force which is absolutely essential to success. It is not surprising, therefore, that there should have been few songs, and these songs of small poetical merit, on the side of the Whigs; while the force of their enemies, which ought to have been directed to political and military tactics, overflowed wastefully in lyrical effusions." Not far from the truth; it would, probably, have been still nearer to say that the ballads and songs were on the side of the failing cause, because it had failed, and could no longer find a vent in action. We fear the Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy was set down to a problem involving several irrational quantities; but though he makes little of "the edit. cr. 8vo. 6/ cl. Science. Ellis's (G. V.) Demonstrations of Anatomy, 7th edit. 12/6 cl. Ballads and Songs of Scotland, in view of their OUR LIBRARY TABLE. Murchison's (C) Functional Derangements of the Liver, 5/ cl. Norton's (A. S.) Osteology, 2nd edit. 2 vols. 8vo. 7/6 cl. General Literature. Arthur's (F. S.) Woman to the Rescue, 12mo. 1/ cl. MORE than once, of late, we have had occasion Erckmann-Chatrian's Conscript and Waterloo, 12mo. 2/ bds. This little volume seems to us the best book on FAR from being able to rival Dublin, Cambridge can, in these days, boast of but few contributions to philosophical literature. We are, therefore, all the better pleased to be able to praise a handy little edition of the Academica of Cicero, which Mr. J. S. Reid has brought out. Mr. Reid, we may perhaps venture to say, is more at home in philology than in philosophy; still, he has by no means neglected the subject-matter of his author, and his book ought to prove most useful to students. He shows scholarship and sound sense in his choice of readings, and his notes contain a large amount of information concisely put together. The "get-up" of the volume is creditable to the publishers, Messrs. Macmillan & Co. We have on our table The Magic Mirror, and other Poems, by H. Molony (Cameron & Ferguson), --and Biblical Expositions, by S. Cox (Hodder & Stoughton). Among New Editions we have Memoir of John Grey of Dilston, by J. E. Butler (King), and The Tabernacle and its Priests and Services, by W. Brown (Edinburgh, Oliphant). Also the following Pamphlets: What I Saw in Texas, by J. W. Forney (Philadelphia, Ringwalt & Brown), and The Two Discoveries; or, Key to Pine's Spiritual Telegraph, by C. Pine (Allen). LIST OF NEW BOOKS. Ecce Veritas, Review of Life and Character of Jesus, 4to. 8/ cl. Paraclete (The), an Essay, 8vo. 12/ cl. Ravenshaw and Rockstro's Ferial Psalter and Canticles, 3rd edit. 12mo. 3/6 cl. Kenaway's (L. J.) Crusts, a Settler's Fare due South, 5/ cl. National Temperance Orator, edited by Miss L. Penny, 2/ cl. Story of a Summer Day, by Author of 'Busy Bee,' 5/ cl. Walker's (T.) The Original, edited by B. Jerrold, 2 vols. new Wood's (Rev. J. G.) Trespassers, 8vo. 7/6 cl. SCIENCE AND ART. September 26, 1874. SYMPATHIZING with the editor of the Athenæum NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY. A PHRASE in Mr. Fleay's letter to the Athenæum Saphir's Expository Lectures on Epistle to the Hebrews, 1st Old-faced type is that in the antique style, now Series, cr. 8vo. 6/6 cl. commonly used for the reprinting of ancient texts, MR. FURNIVALL has sent us another letter, of self. continue the series as he had promised"; and that he then ceased "to be a working member of the Society." 2. That his paper on 'Henry the Sixth' had been down on the Society's list for several months for June 26, but he declined to send this paper until his edition of the play could be printed, and he himself substituted another paper for it, on 'Macbeth' and 'Julius Cæsar.' Consequently, on his resignation, he himself withdrew both his paper on 'Henry the Sixth' and his proposed edition of the play. And yet he has now the audacity to imply, if not to say, that the withdrawal of the play-meant as an appendage to the paper, as in the case of his 'Pericles' and Timon,' -was not his act, but the Committee's, and to complain of it as a hardship and as an act of discourtesy on the Committee's part! 3. Mr. Fleay has also concealed the fact that all my letters to him about printing 'Henry the Sixth' were before his resignation and his own discontinuance of further work for the Society. 1 had been obliged to stop direct communication with him some time previously. * * * 5. As to the insinuation that I anticipated Mr. Staunton in carrying out his favourite idea of a New Shakspere Society, the facts are, that 1, believing Mr. Staunton would, like the rest of us, work for a Society for nothing, proposed a New Shakspere Society to him, to publish (among other things) the edition of Shakspeare he so anxiously desired to bring out, provided he would accept my great point, the chronological arrangement of the plays. But he himself set aside the Society notion (which he said he had previously entertained and given up) in favour of a publisher, because he wanted 250l. a year for his work. So I tried hard, over and over again, so long as I believed in him, to get him a publisher, but always in vain, and Mr. Staunton repeatedly thanked me for my kindness. I then considered how I could start a Society to pay him 2001. a year for editing-eight plays at 251. each-besides getting money for other work, and I hoped to manage it by persuading my Society's printer and publisher to advance the money; but just then I lost confidence in Mr. Staunton's judgment as an editor, from his declaring that he would print, in his text of Henry the Fifth,' and not in the notes, his plainly wrong emendation of wand'rer for wonder, in I. i. 49, although Mr. Tennyson, Prof. Seeley, Prof. Delius, Mr. Hales, Mr. Aldis Wright, &c., had (at my request) given their opinions on it, which were dead against him. I therefore declined to get up this Society, but I told Mr. Staunton that, if he would start one of his own, I would subscribe to it, and help him privately by sending his circulars to my friends. I gave him a year to start his Society in, and said that, if he didn't do it within that time, I should feel free to start a Society of my own, on my own lines (metrical tests, chronological order, parallel texts, volunteer editors, &c.). He answered that he would certainly not start his Society, but that he wished I would start mine, and he would help me in it. When next we met, he again urged me to start my Society, and promised that he and his friends would help me. I said that if I did start it, it must be on my lines; that I had the prospectus in my head, and could write it the first free day. Accordingly, one Sunday morning, I wrote the prospectus, and then and there started my Society, keeping its direction in my own hands, as I said I should. But instead of helping me, Mr. Staunton was furious with both the prospectus and me, abused me to my own friends and acquaintances, suppressed the fact of his having told me he would not found any Society, and his having urged me to found mine, and otherwise misrepresented the facts. I therefore let him go his own way, and went mine. INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. New York, Sept. 19, 1874. I HAVE followed with interest a correspondence in your columns relative to International Copy right, or, rather, to the absence of an Act of International Copyright between Great Britain and the United States. In my own opinion, no argument has ever been urged against such legislation in this country (from which the opposition is supposed mainly to come), either in 1837, when Mr. Clay's Bill for an International Copyright was killed in the Senate, or in 1873, when the Hon. Mr. Morrill reported adversely upon the subject to that body, which is not equally an argument against any copyright at all, whether local or general. And I have always regarded the practical effect of its nonexistence, namely, the fact that a work can be furnished to the public more cheaply by appropriating the literary property of its author therein than by purchasing it, as very little to the credit of anybody, and as parcel of the day when the goods of a stranger were lawful spoil. It would be curious if it should be found, however, that the necessity for an International Copyright were actually growing smaller and smaller every year. And I am not so sure but that such is the fact. Your Correspondents have alluded to the rules laid down in Low v. Routledge (2 L.R. 3 H.L. Cas. 100) and Low v. Ward (L.R. 6 Eq. 418), by virtue of which a citizen of the United States can now obtain copyright in England for his work by simply crossing our northern frontier, and passing a few days in Canada. One, indeed (under date of August 15), is tempted to observe, "It is not very likely that the Americans, who thus obtain all they want without conceding the smallest advantage, will be advocates for an International Copyright." Perhaps it is because I know "the Americans" better than your Correspondent, but I am sure that if the spirit of those decisions should have any effect upon my countrymen, it would not be to make them less anxious than before to do your authors the "justice" sought. Your Correspondents do not mention, however, that there are likewise two American decisions, the effect of which is to give to English authors (at all events, to English dramatic authors) in the United States precisely the same protection that they would realize if citizens or if they could copyright with us. The cases in which they occur are Palmer v. Daly (47 N.S. 532) and Crowe v. Aiken (2 Biss R. 208); and, taken together, it seems to me their rulings are equally as generous to your authors as the two cases in the Law Reports are to ours. Previously to Palmer v. Daly, our Courts, in treating cases of dramatic copyright, seem generally to have been governed by the rule in Keene v. Wheatley (9 Am. Law. Reg. 33). This was the case of the comedy, 'Our American Cousin,' originally composed in London, for representation at a London theatre. Its author having assigned it for value to Miss Laura Keene, she copyrighted the manuscript play under the Act of Congress, adapted it to representation here, and proceeded to represent it. Upon its proving a success, other and rival establishments to Miss Keene's managed to procure and produce versions of the comedy, which establishments she brought various suits to enjoin, among them being the one entitled above. The Court held, among other rulings, which it is not pertinent to notice here-1, that a resident assignee could not copyright the works of a nonresident alien; 2, that a foreign author's assignment in the United States was merely a licence, except that, having been assigned for value, it operated in equity as an assignment of whatever literary property in his composition could vest in its author in the United States; and 3, that, therefore, had not the assignee herself performed it before an indiscriminate audience, she might, as literary proprietor of the comedy, have sustained her suit. And so the relief demanded was refused. This was in 1860. In 1872, the first of the two cases I have cited above (Palmer v. Daly) reached the Court of Appeals of the State of New York. The facts therein were as follows:-Previous to 1868, T. W. Robertson, a resident of London and a citizen of Great Britain, composed a drama Indian Family of Languages' will appear shortly; called 'Play.' On the 1st day of February in and as the work is intimately connected with the that year, its author, by instrument in writing, progress of Dravidian philological investigation, it and for value, "sold, assigned, and set over" to may prove interesting to mark, as reflected in it, the plaintiff, Palmer, a theatrical manager in the the immense strides science has of late years made in city of New York, "the exclusive right of printing, that direction. The first edition of Dr. Caldwell's publishing, performing, enacting, representing, and Grammar appeared in 1856-eighteen years ago. producing," &c., the said play "throughout the It was quickly exhausted, half of the copies United States"; and delivered the manuscript of composing it having been taken up by the then the drama itself to the plaintiff. On and after the Court of Directors of the East India Company. 15th day of February, the drama of 'Play' was Though frequently urged to do so, Dr. Caldwell publicly performed in London, at the Prince of found no leisure for bringing out a second Wales's Theatre, and, subsequently, at the Fifth edition of his work, so fast even then was the proAvenue Theatre, in the city of New York. Ongress of comparative philology. Twelve years the 25th day of March, 1868, one De Witt, a pub- passed by, during which time Dr. Caldwell assisted lisher in this city, printed and sold copies of the in the revision of the Tamil Bible, and also in the drama in question (not obtaining, or pretending revision of the Tamil Book of Common Prayer, to have obtained, the same of, or through the of which latter book, thirty years before, he memory of, one who had witnessed its public had been one of the translators. At length Dr. performance). Caldwell determined to set about his 'Comparative Grammar' again; but the revision of it has occupied quite four years of severe labour. Before we speak of the results of this labour, and several of the discoveries Dr. Caldwell has made, it may be as well to mention that quite one-third of the present book is composed of new additional matter. The Introduction has been largely extended, historical and topographical questions, relating to Southern India, being discussed at length therein. The chapter on Pronouns and Demonstratives has been completely re-written,--so also with regard to the greater portion of the chapter on Numerals. Much additional matter has also been added to the Appendix. With regard to topographical questions, Col. Yule, the learned interpreter of Marco Polo, has rendered Dr. Caldwell every assistance, and Dr. Gundert has also given his aid in every department of the book. Now, upon this state of facts,-precisely the same as in Keene . Wheatley, except that the drama was not copyrighted or attempted to be copyrighted by the American assignee, the Court (Allen, J.) held, 1, that the resident assignee was the literary proprietor of the composition; 2, that its representation upon the stage in this country was not a waiver of his rights as such; and, 3, that, it never having been published in print by its assignee, the publication by De Witt was an infringement for which the assignee could recover. The Court did not pronounce upon the question whether De Witt might not have represented the drama upon the stage, because that question (as it said) was not before it. But in Crowe v. Aiken, the question as to the publication did fairly and distinctly come up. In that case, the play, 'Mary Warner,' also the composition of an alien author, and which had been written for a British actress, and represented upon a British stage, appears to have been assigned to the plaintiff, an alien, who came to the United States for the sole purpose of producing it, having procured, in addition, from its author, "licence to perform the same in the United States for the term of five years." Mean time, however, the publisher, De Witt, before mentioned, had procured and printed Mary Warner, as he had previously procured and printed Play,' and had sold a copy thereof to the defendant, Aiken, proprietor of a theatre in the city of Chicago, who had caused it to be publicly performed therein. Held, that its production by Aiken was an infringement upon the common law right of the assignee to his literary property, for which Courts would grant relief. The effect of these two cases, taken together, is, undoubtedly, to afford the English dramatic author or his assignee in the United States-so long as they do not attempt to copyright-the completest possible protection. According to Palmer v. Daly, he can prevent the publication, in print, of the manuscript he has purchased; while, according to Crowe v. Aiken, he can likewise prevent its dramatic representation; and this, too, without involving, on the part of the British dramatic author in the United States, any such election as to the country in which his composition shall be "published," as is put to him, at home, by the rule in Boucicault v. Delafield (33 L. J. 38 Ch.). It is difficult to see what further protection he could gain by operation of an International Act. Such appears to be the present condition of the law upon this subject in the United States. It may seem to be a law inconsistent and at variance with itself. But if it be so, its inconsistency only shows how hard it is to make a mere temporary and commercial expediency the ground of a national law, and only serves to hasten the coming of an International Copyright. JAMES APPLETON MORGAN. DRAVIDIAN PHILOLOGY. A SECOND edition of the Rev. Dr. Caldwell's Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Dr. Caldwell has, in the present edition of his work, devoted considerable further attention to the history of Dravidian literature, its chronology, and especially the epochs of the principal periods of literary activity. The Dravidian languages thus treated, and grammatically compared with the Scythic, Ural-Altaic, and other languages, are the Tamil, Telugu, Canarese, Malayalam, Tulu, Coorg, Tuda, Kota, Gond, Ku, Rajmahal, and Oraon,-and Brahui, which latter, though not itself a Dravidian tongue, has in its composition a large Dravidian element. One important item in the new edition of the Comparative Grammar' is to be found in that part of it in which Dr. Caldwell enters minutely into the proportionate numbers of those speaking the different Dravidian languages. In all the number is computed to be slightly more than 48,670,000 persons. The most remarkable portion of the second edition will, in all probability, be found to be that in which Dr. Caldwell treats of Greek topography, namely, of places in Southern India mentioned by centuries. Dr. Caldwell has examined afresh all Greek writers during a period extending over nine the references to Southern India occurring in Greek and Latin writers, from the time of Ctesias (B.C. 400), to that of Kosmas Indicopleustes (A.D. 535). discoveries, Dr. Caldwell has succeeded in identiAmongst many other fying a number of places on the Coromandel Coast of India with those named in Ptolemy, and espe cially with those recorded in the Peutingerian Tables. Literary Gossip. THE collected edition, so long looked for, of the works of Thomas Love Peacock, is now in the press, making three volumes, octavo, and will be published in the course of October. The whole of his novels, his poems, and his Life of Shelley, with his papers, entitled the 'Hora Dramaticæ,' first published in Fraser's Magazine, and other miscellanea, will be contained in this edition. MR. II. J. ROBY has bidden adieu to Latin scholarship, for the present, and entered into partnership with a well-known firm of Manchester cotton-spinners. This must certainly be the first instance of a distinguished Academic embarking in a commercial enterprise so late in life. EVER since its appearance, there have been numerous reports afloat as to the authorship of the anonymous work called 'Supernatural Religion.' Many people at first said the writer was Dr. Thirlwall; but one or two clergymen, with that readiness that the clergy usually display to help a bishop, rushed, at once, into print in the columns of the Guardian, and denied the imputation. We, ourselves, were led to believe, on what seemed most excellent authority, that Dr. Muir had deserted the safe paths of Sanscrit for the thorny ways of heresy. A Correspondent, however, now assures us that the author of the redoubtable volumes is Dr. Vance Smith. LONGFELLOW's new poem, 'The Hanging of the Crane,' will shortly be republished by Messrs. Routledge & Sons. It will contain original woodcut illustrations, executed in America, from drawings by American artists. A MEETING was held on Thursday of the Committee of the Head Masters' Association, to consider whether there were points on which it is desirable to offer suggestions to the Universities in regard to their joint School Examinations. THE first part of Prof. Corssen's longexpected work, 'On the Language of the Etruscans,' has at last seen the light. A bulky volume of more than a thousand pages, it conveys a vast amount of information, offering an explanation of the various existing relics of Etruscan speech, arranged according to the nature of the inscriptions, and the linguistic forms which occur in them. But what may be considered the most important part of the work is yet to come. The second volume will contain the detailed proofs of the theory on which the first is based, comprising an actual grammar of the Etruscan tongue, and a discussion of the vexed questions relating to its origin, its affinities, the periods of its development, and the age of its remains. The author speaks in his Preface with singular modesty of what he has done, and with a remarkable mildness of what has been done by his predecessors. On many of them he bestows marked praise, as when, for instance, he says that in his wanderings in Etruria he has "learnt to recognize an honest and trustworthy guide" in Mr. Dennis. And he gives expression to no odium philologicum even when alluding to the representatives of the "Sturmund Drang-periode" of Etruscology, who have declared that they have seen, from different points of view, into the heart of the great Etruscan mystery, although their perceptions had not been quickened and trained by the needful preliminary studies. As for himself, he has been working, he says, for some thirty years, having early come to the conclusion that a thorough investigation of Oscan and Umbrian, as well as of Latin, must precede any scientific acquaintance with that all-butlost Etruscan speech, in which he recognizes a kindred tongue. Among other things, it is interesting to note that the inscription on the large terra-cotta sarcophagus which formed so considerable an item in the Castellani collection, acquired last year by the British Museum, SHAKSPEARE'S 'Othello' has been translated into Hebrew by J. E. S., with a critical IntroTae book, duction by Peter Smolensky. which is a literary curiosity, is published at Vienna. is fully discussed (pp. 783-6), and the reading A BOOK of some philological interest, by Dr. Smart, of Manchester, will be issued at an early date by Messrs. Asher & Co. The work, which we hear has been in preparation for several years, is entitled 'The Dialect of the English Gypsies.' It will contain a grammar and vocabularies-Romany-English and English-Romany-besides information illustrating the manners and customs of the English gipsies, and a complete list of works that have been published in reference to the gipsy race. A CATALOGUE RAISONNÉ of the Engraved Portraits exhibited by Mr. James Anderson Rose, at the opening of the Corporation Library and Museum, has been issued by Messrs. Marcus Ward & Co. A Preface gives an account of engraving, with information as to the best modes of cataloguing and exhibiting engravings and prints. A hundred photographs of rare works illustrate the volume, which, in addition to being a souvenir of the foundation of the Library, is a contribution to literature and art. MR. CHARLES SWAIN, whose death. A NEW satirical weekly journal, called the Manchester. WE are glad to learn from the New York A LIFE OF JOSEPH GREEN Cogswell, as SKETCHED IN HIS LETTERS,' has been privately printed at Cambridge, U.S., under the editorship of Miss Anna Eliot Ticknor. Mr. Cogswell was well known to the booksellers and librarians of Europe, as first Superintendent of the Astor Library, New York, in whose welfare he felt the deepest interest. Indeed, the famous Astor Library may be said, in some degree, to have owed its existence to Mr. Cogswell. It was he that indoctrinated Mr. John Jacob Astor, the celebrated millionnaire, with the idea of devoting a portion of his enormous wealth to the establishment of a great public library. Cogswell lived with him for years, and kept the subject continually under his notice. He even induced him to buy books to a large amount on various occasions, to be transferred to the library which was to be founded after Mr. Astor's decease. For nearly ten years there was a certain amount of doubt as to what might eventually take place. At length, however, Mr. Astor died, in March, 1848, and left by his will 400,000 dollars towards founding a free public library. In the interests of this library, Mr. Cogswell undertook as many as seven voyages to Europe, where he made many friends. He was also an intimate friend of Washington Irving, Mr. Brevoort, and other distinguished Americans. He was much liked in social circles, for, besides being a scholar, he was a kind, benevolent man. He died, aged eightyfive years, on the 26th of November, 1871. THE restoration of the Manchester Athenæum, after the disastrous fire last autumn, which destroyed the library and a portion of the building, is to be celebrated in January next, by a Soirée on an extensive scale. THE New York Nation tells us that the Massachusetts Historical Society will shortly be in possession of a full-length portrait of Washington, copied from a painting in the gallery of Lord Albemarle. A letter from Mr. Robert C. Winthrop to the Vice-President of the Society states that the original was intended for the Stadtholder in 1780, but being entrusted to Laurens, then on his way to the Hague as minister plenipotentiary, it shared his fate when he was captured by Capt. Keppel, of the British Navy. Keppel gave the portrait to his uncle, Admiral Lord Keppel, and it has ever since been preserved at Quidenham Hall, the seat of the Earl of Albemarle. It is by an unknown artist, whose work was none of the best, and it derives its main interest, to use Mr. Winthrop's words, "from the fate which befell it; from the period of Washington's life at which it was taken; and from the broad blue ribbon which is so conspicuous a feature of his costume." This ribbon was already known, from Washington's Orderly Book at Cambridge, in 1775, to have been prescribed as the distinctive designation of the commander-in-chief, who was an entire stranger to his troops on his arrival. MR. PEARSON has in the press a small volume of poems, by Mr. Charles Grant. As an additional proof of what we have mentioned in another column, the lively interest that is felt in Scottish poetry, we may mention that Messrs. Blackie & Son will bring out in November cheaper editions of their "Book of Scottish Song,' and their 'Book of Scottish Ballads.' THE fondness of the Princes of the House of Stuart for stage plays of all kinds has been frequently referred to by writers on our early dramatic literature. There is a passage remarking rather sarcastically upon this predilection, which we find in the Mercurius Politicus of October 23-30, 1651. It will be recollected that this date was not long after the battle of Worcester, when every one was puzzled to know what had become of the young prince. He had, in fact, escaped to France; and at the time that the correspondent of the Mercurius Politicus writes about him as being at Scheveling in Holland, Charles Stuart was, in reality, at Paris. Whether he had, as some conjecture, escaped first into Holland and afterwards into France, we shall not stop to inquire. If in Holland, here is the account given of the way in which he used to spend his time; doubtless with the intention of damaging him in the estimation of English readers : degenerate from our professions and promises; SCIENCE Elements of Metallurgy. By J. Arthur Phillips. IN 1852, Messrs. Griffin & Co. having become Metallurgy.' This work embraced, as an the state in which metals are found in nature, and the mechanical preparation of the metalliferous ores. The book was the first treatise on metallurgy proper published in this kingdom, although England had long been the most important mining and metallurgical country in the world. It therefore attracted considerable attention, and three editions were published before 1858. Since that time, Dr. Percy's comprehensive volumes on the Metallurgies of Copper, Zinc, Lead, and Iron, have appeared. Several works have been translated from the French and German, and some useful manuals, on the smelting processes of special metals, have been written; but no well-illustrated treatise, in a single volume, describing with any detail the metallurgical operations relating to the principal metals, has been published. The wish for such a volume has been repeatedly expressed, and it is to supply that want that the present Elements of Metallurgy' has been produced. It must not be regarded as a new edition of the author's 'Metallurgy.' It is an entirely new book. Of course metallurgical processes which were described in the previous volumes, and in which there has not been any material change,-find their places in this volume. The descriptions of these processes, however, have been re-written, and every, even the slightest, improvement in any part of the operation has been carefully described. The author commences with an examination of fuels, and of the various forms of furnace which have been devised for the purposes of economy--that is, for obtaining the most complete combustion of the fuel employed, and the least waste of the heat developed. A careful study of this division of the book will be found to be of great value to every one who is in training for the practical applications of our scientific knowledge to any of our metallurgical operations. In 1872 the British Isles produced the followdesirousing "The king and his family here are said to be great readers and admirers of play-books and romances; but truly as that is little honour for them, so the worst part of the scene is, that them selves are become not onely actors but real Tragedies and Romances to the world. This puts me in minde of a true story: when the head of the Palatine house was chosen King of Bohemia, being in great pomp at Prague, he suffered Playes to be acted before him and his Ladie to please her. At which the honest Protestants at Prague being scandalized, the servants also that were good of the family, being no less offended; famous Scultetus, then the King's Chaplin, was desirous ing quantities of metalliferous and earthy minerals: 266 mines yielded of Iron ore 16,584,857 tons. to do his duty, and take off the King and Queen and now, said Scultetus, let me tell you my thoughts; our happiness here is but short-lived; this place will soon spue us out; we are already 162 455 Tin 63 Zinc 35 Pyrites,, Arsenic Barytes Total value of metals and minerals... £70,190,916 No country in the world produces anything approaching to this. It is this, indeed, which gives to England her place amongst the nations, but it is a serious question if it can be maintained for any considerable period. America and Germany are advancing steadily upon us in the progress of production, and France, notwithstanding political disturbances, is awaking fully to the advantages of her mineral produce. A country in which mining has been an industry since before the Roman invasion, must have made considerable inroads upon the stores which Nature had deposited during the long lapse of geological ages. We have been steadily drawing upon a bank into which nothing is repaid, and, consequently, the capital is steadily, but surely, being diminished. We are, happily, awakening to the consideration of this problem. Our iron ores are undergoing rapid exhaustion, and we draw upon Spain and Norway, Sweden, Algiers, and other places, for the support of our huge blast-furnaces. Tin is being poured in upon us from the Eastern Archipelago, from Australia and Tasmania, in such quantities that the Cornish tin-mines will not pay for working. Our copper-mines are poor, as to both quantity and quality, and the lead-mines are not much superior to them. The only way, therefore, in which Great Britain can maintain her position, is by the exercise of such a judicious economy as will stand in full and fair competition with other countries in the production of metals. By the aids of science, such an economy may be realized. A knowledge of what science has discovered, and of the best practical applications of her discoveries, will aid the metallurgist in cheapening the processes of reduction, and enable him to be amongst the cheapest in the price of his metals in the markets of the world. Such a work as the one before us, in which we have not only the results of scientific inquiry most cautiously set forth, but the experiences of a thoroughly practical man, very clearly given, must, therefore, at the present time, prove of considerable real value. These "Elements" are not confined to the metallurgies of the metalliferous ores of our own country, but the treatment of silver and gold, as carried out in other countries, forms instructive chapters. In this volume of 750 pages, Mr. Phillips has condensed a large |