Three mountains still remain out of the twelve: possibly they also may yet find a local explanation. At any rate enough has been said to give great plausibility to the general theory of identification.

Mr Harris has suggested that in the details of the building of the Tower some reference may be implied to the early Cyclopean buildings of which there are so many remains in the Peloponnesus. I have noted the following passage in Dodwell's Tour in Greece (vol. ii. p. 426), which shews that there were such ruins on the very spot on which Hermas is supposed to stand. It is also interesting as confirming our idea of the general features of the scene.

"The acropolis on which the original town was situated is steep on all sides, and flat at the summit, resembling Mount Ithome in form, but far inferior in height. The walls were fortified with square towers, and may be traced nearly round the whole of the extreme edge: in some places they are well preserved, and the most ancient parts are in the rough Tirynthian style. I made a panoramic view from the acropolis, which gives a comprehensive idea of the Orchomenian plain, with its lake, and its grand encircling rampart of mountains. These are of a bold and towering character, and are seen receding beyond each other to the extremity of the horizon ".

One or two details may be added, which present us with coincidences equally curious. Thus the ẞvòs from which the stones are commanded to rise for the building of the Tower has its counterpart in the lake which Pausanias tells us covered the greater part of the plain (viii. 13. 4, quoted above). This is confirmed by the account in Vis. iii. 2. 4-9, where a tower is built ènì vdátwv, and the stones are brought partly ἐκ τοῦ βυθοῦ and partly ἐκ τῆς γῆς; and certain rejected stones desire in vain to roll into the water. So in the present Vision the stones which come out of the ßulòs are said δι ̓ ὕδατος ἀναβῆναι (Sim. ix. 16. 2).

Again, when the Shepherd desires to smooth the ground after the Tower is completed, he gives the strange command (Sim. ix. 10. 1): ὕπαγε καὶ φέρε ἄσβεστον καὶ ὄστρακον λεπτόν. Now Mr Harris has noted that Pausanias speaks of a Mount Ostrakina on the south of the very plain in question. This exact geographical knowledge we may further illustrate by the following reference in Pliny (Hist. Nat. xxxvii. 54): asbestos in Arcadiae montibus nascitur, coloris ferrei'. This is especially interesting because Pau

sanias does not mention άσβεστος.

The Latin Versions of the Shepherd explain the word as 'calx', and the Aethiopic as 'gypsum'; and it is generally supposed that in Pliny too the ordinary äoßeoTos is not meant, but some sort of grey limestone. But this only makes the coincidence the more remarkable.

The coincidences above noted, though in themselves necessarily slight, seem when taken together sufficient to establish two points: first that the plain of Orchomenus in Arcadia is the scene of the Vision; and, secondly, that the writer shews an intimate knowledge of the local peculiarities of the district. Mr Harris asks, 'How did the Roman Hermas find his way into the most inaccessible part of Greece?' The solution he suggests is that he may have got his information from literary sources, without ever having visited the neighbourhood in question. The date of the Arcadia of Pausanias, about 167 A.D., is too late to allow us to suppose that Hermas used that work but Mr Harris thinks it possible that both he and Pausanias may have been indebted to an earlier writer on the subject.

This is an improbable hypothesis. The correspondence with Pausanias is a correspondence of facts, not of diction: and in one instance at any rate we have seen that the range of facts extends beyond the notices in Pausanias. This familiar acquaintance with little details cannot reasonably be explained as the result of the study of guide-books or itineraries; nor indeed could it have been gained by a single visit. I would suggest as a more satisfactory solution that Hermas may have been a native of the region with which he is so familiar. This would harmonize quite well with the one short sentence which contains all we know of his early history : ὁ θρέψας με πέπρακέν με Ρόδῃ τινὶ εἰς Ρώμην (Vis. i. 1. 1). May he not have been a Greek slave of Arcadian origin? In this case his name, a common one for Greek slaves', would seem specially fitting for a native of this particular district, when we remember what Pausanias tells us of the worship of Hermes at Pheneos, twelve miles distant from Orchomenus: θεῶν δὲ τιμῶσιν Ἑρμῆν Φενεᾶται μάλιστα, καὶ ἀγῶνα ἄγουσιν Ερμαια, κ.τ.λ. (viii. 14. 10); when we

1 See Lightfoot, 'Philippians', p. 176. 'Epuâs is of course the form of 'Epμîjs which was current in Arcadia: but Dr Lightfoot regards the name as an abbreviation of some longer form such as Hermogenes.

2 For other references to Hermes in Arcadia see Pausanias viii. 3. 2; 4. 6

remember also the story of the Nymphs who bathed him at his birth in the sacred fountains of Trikrena, one of the spurs of Mount Cyllene; and above all when we recall the epithet 'Cyllenius', derived from the worship of Hermes on the windless summit of the great mountain-king of Arcadia, who reared his head, as it was firmly believed, right up into the eternal calm above the clouds and above the storms which darkened and distressed the world at his feet.

J. A. R.

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