Approaches to Planning: Introducing Current Planning Theories, Concepts, and Issues

activity advocacy planning advocate role agencies alternative American Institute American Planning Association approach areas behavior benefit-cost analysis choices Citizen Participation complex comprehensive planning concept constraints contexts cost deci decision analysis decision makers disjointed incrementalism E. R. Alexander economic effective environment Environmental Impact Assessment evaluation example Expected Utils expertise factors framework Friedmann future goals groups H. A. Simon human identify implementation individual Institute of Planners interac interaction intervention involved issues Journal land-use planning Lichfield limits Model Cities Program needs neighborhood ning normative objectives options organizational organizations outcomes physical planning planning models planning process Planning Theory Policy Sciences political practice practitioners Press professional programs proposals public interest Public Policy question rational model rational planning regulatory planning relevant role sion social planning society strategies suggests Theory of Planning tion tive uncertainty urban design Urban Planning values wicked problems Wildavsky York