with two grains and a half of lamp-black, and half a grain of indigo; or 120 grains of oil of lavender, seventeen grains of copal, and sixty grains of vermilion. A little oil of lavender, or of turpentine, may be added, if the ink be found too thick. Mr. Sheldrake suggests, that a mixture of genuine asphaltum dissolved in oil of turpentine, amber varnish, and lamp-black, would be superior. Mr. Haussman has given some composition inks for marking pieces of cotton or linen, previous to their being bleached, which are capable of resisting every operation in the processes both of bleaching and dyeing, and, consequently, might be employed in marking linen for domestic purposes. Öne of these consists of asphaltum dissolved in about four parts of oil of turpentine, and mixed with lamp black, so as to make an ink of a proper consistence for printing with types. Another is the blackish sulphate left after expelling oxygen gas from oxide of manganese with a moderate heat, being dissolved and filtered, the dark gray pasty oxide left on the filter is to be mixed with a very little solution of gum-tragacanth, and the cloth marked with this is to be dipped in a solution of potash or soda, mild or caustic, in about ten parts of water. Nitrate of silver for a surface impregnated with carbonate of soda, and muriate of gold for one impregnated with protomuriate of tin, form good indelible inks. The following is the receipt for the chemical indelible ink, sold for the purpose of marking linen:-The linen, that the black color may be produced and fixed, is first moistened with a solution of four drachms of soda in one ounce of soft water, with one grain of saffron, and fifteen grains of gum-arabic. The constituents of the ink are, one scruple of lunar caustic, one drachm and a half of distilled water, or, if common soft water be used, two drops of nitrous acid should be added to the solution. The mordant with which the linen has been moistened, being suffered perfectly to dry by a gentle heat, the part where the linen has been moistened is written upon with a clean pen dipped in the ink. Good printer's ink is a black paint, smooth and uniform in its composition, of a firm black color, and possessing a singular aptitude to adhere to paper impregnated with moisture. The consistence and tenacity of the oil in this composition are greatly increased, and its greasiness diminished by means of fire. Linseed oi! or nut oil is made choice of for this use. It is said that the other expressed oils cannot be sufficiciently freed from this unctuous quality. Ten or twelve gallons of the oil are set over the fire in an iron pot, capable of holding at least half as much more; for the oil swells up greatly, and its boiling over into the fire would be very dangerous. When it boils it is kept stirring with an iron ladle; and, if it do not itself take fire, it is kindled with a piece of flaming paper or wood; for simple boiling, without the actual accension of the oil, does not communicate a sufficient degree of the drying quality required. The oil is suffered to burn for half an hour or more, and the flame being then extinguished, by covering the vessel close, the boiling is afterwards continued with a gentle heat, till the oil appears of a proper consistence, in which state it is called varnish. Several other additions are made to the oil during the boiling; such as crusts of bread, onions, and sometimes turpentine. These are kept secret by the prepaters. The intention of them is more effectually to destroy part of the unctuous quality of oil, to give it more body to enable it to adhere better to the wetted paper, and to spread on types neatly and uniformly. Lamp-black is the common material to give the black color, of which two o inces and a half are sufficient for sixteen ounces of the varnish. Vermilion is a good red. They are ground together on a stone with a muller, in the same manner as oil paints. The ink used by copper-plate printers differs in the oil, which is not so much boiled. This would render it less disposed to enter the cavities of the engraving, and more difficult either to be spread or wiped off. The black is likewise of a different kind. Instead of lamp-black, the Frankfort black is used, which is a residual or denser charcoal, said to be made from vine twigs. This is softer and less gritty than the ivory, or other blacks prepared among us, and it is said, that lamp-black gives always a degree of toughness to the ink, which the Frankfort black does not; but the goodness of the color seems to be the leading inducement for the use of the latter. A pale or brown black can be much more easily endured in a book, than in the impression of an engraving. A strong decoction of Brasil wood, with as much alum as it can dissolve, and a little gum, forms a good red ink. These processes consist in forming a lake, and retarding its precipitation by the gum. Red ink may be also made of vermilion, by beating together the glaire of four eggs, a teaspoonful of white sugar, or sugar candy, powdered, and as much spirit of wine, till they be of the consistence of oil; and then adding such a proportion of vermilion as will produce a red color of sufficient strength; the mixture should be kept in a small phial, or well-stopped ink bottle, and well shaken before it be used. Gumwater is often used instead of the glaire of eggs; but thin size made of isinglass, with a little honey, is much better for the purpose. A more durable red ink may be made by tempering the solution of copal with red sulphuret of mercury: e. g. take 120 grains of oil of lavender, seventeen grains of powdered copal, and sixty grains of red sulphuret of mercury, dissolve the copal in the oil, and then mix the sulphuret with the solution upon a smooth surface. Blue ink may be made by diffusing Prussian blue or indigo through strong gun-water. Yellow ink may be made by a solution of gamboge in gum-water. Most of the common watercolored cakes, diffused in water, will make sufficiently good-colored inks for most purposes. Inks of other colors may be made from a strong decoction of the ingredients used in dyeing, mixed with a little alum and gum-water. The Indian ink is used in China for writing with a brush, and for painting upon the soft flexible paper of Chinese manufacture. tained, as well from experiment as from in It is ascer formation, that the cakes of this ink are made of lamp-black and size, or animal glue, with the addition of perfumes or other substances not essential to its quality as an ink. The fine soot from the flame of a lamp or candle, received by holding a plate over it, mixed with clean size from shreds of parchment or glove leather not dyed, will make an ink equal to that imported. Sympathetic inks are those with which a person may write, and yet nothing appear on the paper after it is dry, till some other means are used, such as holding the paper to the fire, rubbing it over with some other liquor, &c. These kinds of ink may be divided into seven classes, according to the means used to make them visible; viz. 1. Such as become visible by passing another liquor over them, or by exposing them to the vapor of that liquor. 2. Those that do not appear so long as they are kept close, but soon become visible on being exposed to the air. 3. Those which become visible by being exposed to the fire. 4. Such as become visible by heat, but disappear again by cold or the moisture of the air. 5. Those which become visible by being wetted with water. 6. Such as appear of various colors, red, yellow, blue, &c. I. The first class contains four kinds of ink, viz. solutions of lead, bismuth, gold, and green vitriol. The first two become visible in the same manner, viz. by the contact of sulphureous liquids or fumes. For the first a solution of common sugar of lead in water will answer as well as more troublesome preparations. On writing with this solution with a clean pen, the writing when dry will be totally invisible: but if it be wetted with a solution of hepar sulphuris, or of ointment, dissolved by quick-lime; or if it be exposed to the strong vapors of these solutions, but especially to the vapor of volatile tincture of sulphur; the writing will appear of a brown color, more or less deep according to the strength of the sulphureous fume. By the same means what is written with the solution of bismuth in spirit of nitre will appear of a deep black. The sympathetic ink prepared from gold depends on the property by which that metal precipitates from its solvent on the addition of a solution of tin. Write with a solution of gold in aqua regia, and let the paper dry gently in the shade, nothing will appear for the first seven or eight hours. Dip a pencil or a small fine sponge in the solution of tin, and, drawing it lightly over the invisible characters, they will immediately appear of a purple color. Characters written with a solution of green vitriol, carefully depurated, will likewise be invisible when the paper is dry; but, if wetted with an infusion of galls, they will immediately appear as if written with common ink; if, instead of this infusion, a solution of the phlogisticated alkali, impregnated with the coloring matter of Prussian blue, the writing will appear of a very deep blue. To the second class belong the solutions of all those metals which were supposed to attract phlogiston from the air, such as lead, bismuth, silver, &c. The sympathetic ink of gold already mentioned belongs also to this class; for, if the characters written with it are long exposed to the air, they become by degrees of a deep violet color, nearly approaching to black In like manner a solution of silver in aqua fortis is invisible when newly dried, but when exposed to the sun appears of a gray color like slate. To this class also belong solutions of lead in vinegar; copper in aquafortis; tin in aqua regia; emery, and some kinds of pyrites, in spirit of salt; mercury in aquafortis; or irɔn in vinegar. Each of these has a particular color when exposed to the air; but they have the disagreeable property of corroding the paper, so that after some time the characters appear like holes cut out of the paper. The third class, comprehending all those that become visible by being exposed to the fire, is very extensive, as it contains all those colorless liquors in which the matter dissolved is capable of being reduced, or of reducing the paper into a sort of charcoal by a small heat. A very easily procured ink of this kind is oil of vitriol diluted with as much water as will prevent it from corroding the paper. Letters written with this fluid are perfectly invisible when dry, but instantly appear as black as if written with the finest ink on being held near the fire. Juice of lemons or onions, a solution of sal ammoniac, green vitriol, &c., will answer the same purpose, though not so easily, or with so little heat. The fourth class comprehends only solutions of regulus of cobalt in spirit of salt. The fifth class comprehends such inks as become visible when characters written with them are wetted with water. They are made of all such substances as deposit a copious sediment when mixed with water, dissolving only imperfectly in that fluid. Of this kind are dried alum, sugar of lead, vitriol, &c. We have therefore only to write with a strong solution of these salts upon paper, and the characters will be invisible when dry; but, when we apply water, the same portion of dried salt cannot again be dissolved in the water. Hence the insoluble part becomes visible on the paper, and shows the characters written in white, gray, brown, or any color which the precipitate assumes. Characters may be made to appear of a fine crimson, purple, or yellow, by writing on paper with solution of tin in aqua regia, and then passing over it a pencil dipt in a decoction of cochineal, Brasil wood, logwood, yellow wood, &c. If a weak infusion of galls be used, the writing will be invisible till the paper be moistened with a weak solution of sulphate of iron. It then becomes black, because these ingredients form ink. If paper be soaked in a weak infusion of galls, and dried, a pen dipped in the solution of sulphate of iron will write black on that paper, but colorless on any other paper. Diluted prussiate of potash affords blue letters when wetted with the solution of sulphate of iron. The solution of cobalt in aqua regia, when diluted, affords an ink which becomes green when held to the fire, but disappears again when suffered to cool. This has been used in fanciful drawings of trees, the green leaves of which appear when warm, and vanish again by cold. If the heat be continued too long after the letters appear, it renders them permanent. If oxide of cobalt be dissolved in acetic acid, and a little nitre added, the 'solution will exhibit a pale rose color when heated, which disappears on cooling. A solution of equal parts of sulphate of copper and muriate of ammonia, gives a yellow color when heated, that disap. pears when cold. When writing with common ink has been effaced by means of aqueous chlorine, the vapor of sulphuret of ammonia, or immersion in water impregnated with this sulphuret, will render it again legible. Or, if the paper that contained the writing be put into a weak solution of prussiate of potash, and when it is thoroughly wet a little sulphuric acid be added to the liquor, so as to render it slightly acidulous, the same purpose will be answered. INK'LING, n. s. This word is derived by Skinner from inklincken, to sound within. This sense is still retained in Scotland: as, I heard not an inkling. Hint; whisper; intimation. Our business is not unknown to the senate: they have had inkling what we intend to do, which now we'll shew them in deeds. Shakspeare. Coriolanus. We in Europe, notwithstanding all the remote discoveries and navigations of this last age, never heard of any of the least inkling or glimpse of this island. Bacon's New Atlantis. They had some inkling of secret messages between the marquis of Newcastle and young Hotham. Clarendon. Aboard a Corinthian vessel he got an inkling among the ship's crew of a conspiracy. L'Estrange. IN'LAND, adj. & n. s. Į Fr. lande; Italian IN'LANDER, n. s. Slanda; Belgic landt. Interior; lying remote from the sea; midland parts one who dwells remote from the sea. Out of these small beginnings, gotten near to the mountains, did they spread themselves into the inland. Spenser. In this wide inland sea, that hight by name, The idle lake, my wand'ring ship I row. Id. Goodly laws, like little inland seas, will carry even ships upon their waters. An old religious uncle of mine was, in his youth, an inland man. Shakspeare. As You Like It. A substitute shines brightly as a king, Until a king be by; and then his state Empties itself, as doth an inland brook Into the main of waters. Id. Merchant of Venice. They of those marches shall defend Our inland from the pilfering borders. The rest were all Id. Shakspeare. Milton. Far to the inland retired about the wall's Of Pandæmonium. The same name is given unto the inlanders, or midland inhabiters of this island. Browne. This person did publish a pamphlet printed in England for a general excise, or inland duty. Swift. I secured my money, and, purchasing some commodities for show, joined myself to a caravan that was passing into the inland country. Johnson's Rasselas. Morn dawns; and with it stern Albania's hills, Byron. Childe Harold. INLAND NAVIGATION. The importance of this species of conveyance, as affording an easy and cheap means of transit for merchandise, and produce of every description, has long been admitted. Canals also promote the interests of agriculture in a very material degree; and, by facilitating the intercourse between the various and remote parts of a country, give an increased impetus to civilisation and the arts; and whilst thus dispensing benefits on every hand, to the various classes of the community, contribute, in the most essential manner, to national security. The importance of inland navigation seems to have been understood by the most flourishing nations of antiquity; as well as in modern times;-indeed canals were formed in various parts of the continent of Europe, long prior to their appearance in this country. Herodotus relates that the Cnidians, a people of Caria in Asia Minor, designed to cut through the Isthmus which joins this peninsnia to the continent; but were superstitious enough to give up the undertaking because they were interdicted by an oracle. Several kings of Egypt attempted to join the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. Cleopatra was exceedingly fond of this project. Solyman II., emperor of the Turks, employed 56,000 men in this great work. The canal was completed under the caliphate of Omar, but was afterwards allowed to fall into disrepair; so that it is now difficult to discover any traces of it. Both the Greeks and Romans intended to make a canal across the Isthmus of Corinth, which joins the Morea and Achaia, in order to make a navigable passage by the Ionian Sea into the Archipelago. Demetrius, Julius Cæsar, Caligula, and Nero, made several unsuccessful efforts to open this passage. But, as the ancients were entirely ignorant of the use of water-locks, their whole attention was employed in making level cuts, which is probably the principal reason why they so often failed in their attempts. Charlemagne formed a design of joining the Rhine and the Danube, in order to make a communication between the ocean and the Black Sea, by a canal from the river Almutz, which discharges itself into the Danube, to the Reditz, which falls into the Maine; and this last falls into the Rhine near Mayence: for this purpose he employed a prodigious number of workmen ; but he met with so many obstacles from different quarters, that he was obliged to give up the attempt. Without, however, going further into the history of early canal navigation, we may in the first instance examine the best mode of cutting a canal and passing barges from one level to another; as a reference to our treatise on HyDROSTATICS Will show that the particles of which water is composed invariably tend to a state of equilibrium. The canal locks that we shall have occasion to describe combine advantages of a most important nature over the ordinary arrange ments. The particular operations necessary for making artificial canals depend upon a variety of circumstances. The situation of the ground, the vicinity or connexion with rivers, the ease or difficulty with which a proper quantity of water can be obtained; these, and many other circumstances, necessarily produce great variety in the structure of these hydraulic works, and augment or diminish the labor and expense of executing them. When the ground is naturally level, and unconnected with rivers, the execution is easy, and the navigation is not liable to be disturbed by floods; but when the ground rises and falls, and cannot be reduced to a level, artificial methods of raising and lowering vessels must be employed; which likewise vary according to cir cumstances. fall. The side walls of a lock ought to be very strong. Where the natural foundation is very bad, they should be founded on piles and platforms of wood: they should likewise slope outwards, in order to resist the pressure of the earth from behind. We may now describe the double canal lock designed by Mr. Gower of Ipswich for the Regent's Canal Company, by means of which twice the facility of transit is obtained with only half the expenditure of water. A and B, plate INLAND NAVIGATION, fig. 1, are locks having a communication by means of sluices W and x in the middle pier. Now admitting lock A shall be full, and lock B empty, at the same time that two barges shall arrive, the one going down and the other up the stream; the barge going down will naturally enter the lock A, which is ready for her reception; while the other will enter B. The sluices and gates being now shut, let the middle pier sluices be opened, so that the water may flow from the lock A into B, whereby the barge in A will be lowered, and the barge in B raised, till both are on a level; at which time the barge in A will be half up, and Temporary sluices are sometimes employed the barge in B half down. Now shut the pier for raising boats over falls or shoals in rivers by sluices W and r, and open the side sluices y and a very simple operation. Two posts or pillars, whereby lock A will continue to empty, and of mason work, with grooves, are fixed, one on B to fill, till the water in each obtain the level each bank of the river, at some distance below of the lower and upper canal: the gates C and the shoal. The boat having passed these posts, D being then opened, each barge is at liberty to planks are let down across the river by pulleys depart the one up and the other down the into the grooves, by which the water is dammed stream; the time employed to pass them being up to a proper height for allowing the boat to no more than the time employed in passing one pass up the river over the shoal. barge through a single lock; and, to perform this double duty, only one full lock of water has been withdrawn from the upper level of the canal. Figs. 2 and 3 are vertical and transverse sections of the same lock. The Dutch and Flemings at this day sometimes (when obstructed by cascades) form an inclined plane or rolling bridge upon dry land, along which their vessels are drawn from the river below the cascade into the river above it. This, it is said, was the only method employed by the ancients, and is still used by the Chinese, who are said to be entirely ignorant of the nature and utility of locks. These rolling bridges consist of a number of cylindrical rollers which turn easily on pivots, and a mill is commonly built near by, so that the same machinery may serve the double purpose of working the mill and drawing up vessels. A lock is a basin placed lengthways in a river or canal, lined with walls or masonry on each side, and terminated by two gates, placed where there is a natural fall; and so constructed that, the basin being filled with water by an upper sluice to the level of the water above, a vessel may ascend through the upper gate; or, the water in the lock being reduced to the level of the water at the bottom of the cascade, the vessel may descend through the lower gate; for, when the waters are brought to a level on either side, the gate on that side may be easily opened. But, as the lower gate is strained in proportion to the depth of water it supports, when the perpendicular height of the water exceeds twelve or thirteen feet, more locks than one become necessary. Thus, if the fall be twenty feet, two locks are required, each having eight feet and a half fall; and, if the fall be twenty-six feet, three locks are necessary, each having eight feet eight inches We have now to examine a canal lock in which no waste of water occurs. The model is in the possession of Mr. Partington of the London Institution. It was originally suggested by Mr. Bogaerts, and consists of a double lockpit and tank capable of displacing, and as such of elevating the water and barge in which it floats. It is represented at fig. 4. ABCD are the upper and lower water-levels. The plunger is shown separately at fig. 5. If we now suppose the plunger in its proper situation, and the end E depressed, the water will be forced along the under-ground communication beneath, and the barge will be raised from the lower to the upper level at D. The principal novelty in this contrivance remains to be noticed. The plunger, fig. 5, is hollow, and filled with water, and as soon as it is turned a little out of its horizontal direction, the water, as is shown at H, enters the side of the vessel that is then immersed, and forms an exact balance for the quantity that has been displaced in the lock-pit. If, on the contrary, the navigator wishes to depress a barge, or carry it from a high to a low level, he has only to open the gates and admit the vessel, which will sink the moment the plunger is raised. Mr. Woodhouse has a patent for improvements in canals. They are divided by the patentee under four heads; the first consists in the |