Being still desirous to have spoken his mind to the king, he made two or three attempts to write to him; but was too far gone, and the next day, being February the 29th, he died. "Whether grief," says Strype, "was the cause of his death, or grief and fear for the good estate of the church under a new king and parliament approaching, mingling itself with his present disease, might hasten his death, I know not." But Camden says, "Whilst the king began to contend about the liturgy received, and judged some things fit to be altered, archbishop Whitgift died with grief." "Yet surely," says Strype, "by what we have heard before related in the king's management of the conference, and the letter he wrote himself to the archbishop, he had a better satisfaction of the king's mind. To which I may add, that there was a Directory,' drawn up by the Puritans, prepared to be offered to the next parliament, which, in all probability, would have created a great deal of disturbance in the house, having many favourers there; which paper the aged archbishop was privy to, and apprehensive of. And therefore, according to another of our historians, upon his death-bed, he should use these words, Et nunc, Domine, exaltata est Anima mea, quod in eo tempore succubui, quando mallem episcopatûs mei Deo reddere rationem, quam inter homines exercere: i. e. And now, O Lord, my soul is lifted up, that I die in a time, wherein I had rather give up to God an account of my bishoprick, than any longer to exercise it among men.'

He was interred in the parish church of Croydon, where a monument was erected, with an inscription to his memory. He is described as being in person of a middle stature, a grave countenance, and brown complexion, black hair and eyes. He wore his beard neither long nor thick. He was small-boned, and of good agility, being straight and well shaped in all his limbs, to the light habit of his body, which began somewhat to spread and fill out towards his latter years. His learning seems to have been confined to the Latin language, as Hugh Broughton often objected to him, nor does he appear to have been much skilled in the deeper points of theology; but he was an admired and diligent preacher, and took delight in exercising his talent that way; it was, however, in ecclesiastical government that his forte lay, in the administration of which he was both indefatigable and intrepid. It is by his conduct in this that VOL. XXXII. C

his character has been estimated by posterity, and has been variously estimated according to the writer's regard for, or aversion to, the constitution of the church of England.

In his expences it appears that he was liberal and even munificent. Both when bishop of Worcester and archbishop of Canterbury, he took for many years into his house a number of young gentlemen, several of quality, to instruct them, as their tutor, reading to them twice a day in mathematics and other arts, as well as in the languages, giving them good allowance and preferments as occasion offered. Besides these, he kept several poor scholars in his house till he could provide for them, and prefer them, and maintained others at the university. His charitable hospitality extended likewise to foreigners. He relieved and entertained at his house for many years together several distressed ministers (recommended by Beza and others) out of Germany and France, who were driven from their own -homes, some by banishment, others by reason of war, shewing no less bounty to them at their departure. Sir George Paule assures us, that he remitted large sums of his own purse to Beza.

He was naturally of a warm temper, which however he learned to correct as he advanced in years. Cecil earl of Salisbury said of him, after his death, that "there was nothing more to be feared in his government, especially towards his latter time, than his mildness and clemency." The judicious Hooker confirms this opinion, by averring that "He always governed with that moderation, which useth by patience to suppress boldness." It does not appear that he printed any thing except what we have mentioned in the controversy with Cartwright, but in Strype's Life of him, are many of his letters, papers, declarations, &c. the whole, like all Strype's lives, forming an excellent history of the times in which he lived. '

..WHITTINGHAM (WILLIAM), the puritan dean of Durham, the son of William Whittingham, esq. by a daughter of Haughton, of Haughton Tower, was born in the city of Chester, in 1524. In his sixteenth year he became a commoner of Brasenose college, Oxford, where he made great proficiency in literature. After taking his degree of bachelor of arts, he was elected fellow of All Souls in

1 Strype's Life, fol.-Life by sir George Paule, 1699, 8vo.-The same with notes in Wordsworth's Biography.-Biog. Brit.-Fuller's Wortbies, Church History, and Abel Redivivus.

1545, and two years afterwards was made one of the seniors of Christ-church, on the foundation of Henry VIII. In May 1550, having obtained leave to travel for three years, he passed his time principally at Orleans, where he married the sister of Calvin. He returned to England in the latter end of the reign of Edward VI. but, as he was a staunch adherent to the doctrines of the reformation, he found it necessary to leave home, when queen Mary came to the throne, and joined the exiles at Francfort. Here he became one of those who took part against the ceremonies of the Church of England being observed among the exiles, and afterwards became a member of the Church of Geneva. On the Scotch reformer, Knox, leaving that society to return to his own country, Whittingham was prevailed upon by Calvin to take orders in the Geneva form, and was Knox's successor. While here, he undertook, along with other learned men of the same society, an English translation of the Bible, which was not completed when those employed upon it had an opportunity to return to England, on the accession of queen Elizabeth. Whittingham, however, remained at Geneva to finish the work, during which time he translated into metre five of the Psalms, inscribed W. W. of which the 119th was one, together with the ten commandments, and a prayer, all which make part of the collection known by the names of Sternhold and Hopkins.

Soon after his return to England, he was employed to accompany Francis, earl of Bedford, on his embassy of condolence for the death of the French king, in 1560. And he attended Ambrose, earl of Warwick, to Havre de Grace, to be preacher there, while the earl defended it against the French; and Wood says, he preached nonconformity in this place. Warwick appears to have had a very high opinion of him, and it was by his interest that Whittingham was promoted to the deanery of Durham in 1563, which he enjoyed for sixteen years. During this time he was one of the most zealous opponents of the habits and ceremonies, and so outrageous in his zeal against popery, as to destroy some of the antiquities and monuments in Durham cathedral, and even took up the stone coffins of the priors of Durham, and ordered them to be used as troughs for horses to drink in.

Notwithstanding his opposition to the habits, when in 1564 the order issued for wearing them, he thought proper to comply, and being afterwards reproached for this by one

who was with him at Geneva, he quoted a saying of Calvin's, "that for external matters of order, they might not neglect their ministry, for so should they, for tithing of mint, neglect the greater things of the law." It had been well for the church had this maxim more generally prevailed. Whittingham did essential service to government in the rebellion of 1569, but rendered himself very obnoxious at court, by a zealous preface, written by him, to Christopher Goodman's book, which denied women the right of government. He was probably in other respects obnoxious, generally as a nonconformist, which at last excited a dispute between him and Dr. Sandys, archbishop of York. In 1577 the archbishop made his primary visitation throughout the whole of his province, and began with Durham, where a charge, consisting of thirty-five articles, was brought against Whittingham, the principal of which was his being ordained only at Geneva. Whittingham refused to answer the charge, but denied in the first place the archbishop's power to visit the church of Durham. On this Sandys proceeded to excommunication. Whittingham then appealed to the queen, who directed a commission to the archbishop, Henry earl of Huntington, Jord president of the north, and Dr. Hutton, dean of York, to hear and determine the validity of his ordination, and to inquire into the other misdemeanours contained in the articles; but this commission ended only in some countenance being given to Whitaker by the earl and by Dr. Hutton, the latter of whom went so far as to say, that "Mr. Whittingham was ordained in a better sort than even the archbishop himself." Sandys then obtained another commission directed to himself, the bishop of Durham, and lord president, the chancellor of the diocese, and some others. This was dated May 14, 1578, and may be seen in Rymer's Fœdera, vol. XV.. Here, as Whittingham bad nothing to produce but a certificate or call from the church of Geneva, it was objected to, but the lord president said that "it would be ill taken by all the godly and learned, both at home and abroad, that we allow of popish massing priests in our ministry, and disallow of ministers made in the reformed church." It does not appear that any thing was determined, and Whittingham's death put an end to the question. He died June 10, 1579, in the sixty-fifth year of his age, and his remains were interred in the cathedral of Durham, with a monumental inscription,

which was afterwards destroyed by another set of innovators. He appears to have been a man of talents for business, as well as learning, and there was a design at one time of advancing him at court. He published little except some few translations from foreign authors to promote the cause of the reformation, and he wrote some prefaces.

WHITTINGTON (ROBERT), one of our early grammariaus, was born in Lichfield about 1480, and educated under the famous grammarian, John Stanbridge, in the school adjoining to Magdalen college, Oxford. He afterwards made a considerable progress in philosophy, but took more pleasure in classical and grammatical studies, in which he fancied himself destined to shine. In 1501 he began to teach a grammar-school, probably in London, as all his publications were dated thence. In the beginning of 1513, he supplicated the congregation of regents of the university of Oxford, by the name of Robert Whittington, a secular chaplain, and a scholar of the art of rhetoric, that whereas he had spent fourteen years in the study of the said art, and twelve years in teaching, "it might be sufficient for him that he might be laureated." This being granted, he composed an hundred verses which were stuck up in public places, especially on the doors of St. Mary's church, and was solemnly crowned with a wreath of laurel, &c. that is, he was made doctor of grammar, an unusual title and ceremony, and the last of the kind. This appears to have conferred no academical rank, for he was afterwards admitted to the degree of bachelor of arts. From this time, however, he called himself in several of his works Protovates Angliæ, an assumption which his fellow-grammarians, Horman and Lily, did not much relish. He appears indeed to have been very conceited of his abilities, and to have undervalued those who were at least his equals. Yet historians, allow him to have been an excellent Greek and Latin scholar, and a man of a facetious turn, but too much given to personal satire both in conversation, and in his literary disputes with Lily, Aldridge, and others. He was alive in 1530, but how long afterwards does not appear. He wrote a great many grammatical treatises, some of which must have long been in use in schools, for they went through many editions. They are enumerated by

1 Ath. Ox. vol. L-Hutchinson's Hist. of Durham.-Strype's Life of Parker, pp. 135, 156.-Strype's Grindal, p. 170.-Strype's Anuals.-Brook's Lives of the Puritans.