214

CEADUALLA THE BRITON.

P 19 15 VTERQVE REX Osric and Eanfrid.

[III

17 PRISCIS IDOLATRIAE SORDIBVS relapse into heathenism also II 5. 15. III 30.

19 CEADVALLA called Catho by Adamnan uita Columbae, and Cadwallo by Fordun chron gent Scot. This Ceadualla, king of the 5 Brettones is not to be confounded with Ceadualla king of the Geuissi mentioned IV [15] and [16]. This king of the Brettones is named Cadwalan in Layamon Madden III 254 where a long account of all the events comprised in this chapter is given. The orthography of this name in the ms, though not that usually adopted, is the only form in IO the Sax Chronicle or in Flor Wigorn.

OPPIDC MVNICIPIO Smith suggests that this must have been Eboracum (York), that being the only town in the province worthy 15 of the name. Eboracum is called municipium by Aur Vict hist Caes XX 27. Smith claims the Saxon in support of his view but 'on municep Bære byrig' looks very much as though the translator had taken municipio for a proper name.

P 2018 ABLATA DE MEDIO REGVM PERFIDORVM MEMORIA P 351 20. IO OSVALDI the remainder of this c and c 2 are versified by Alcuin sanct Ebor 234-273.

12 FIDE CHRISTI MVNITO p 19 1 11. p 22 1 27.

20

INFANDVS BRETTONVM DVX 1 I. II 20 Ceadualla, though 25 a Christian in name and profession, was in temper and habits so barbarous, as to spare neither women nor children, torturing all, ravaging the country, and designing the extirpation of the Angles from Britain. He had no esteem for the Christian religion, which had grown up among them: indeed (says Beda) to this day the Britons hold the 30 faith of the Angles in no account, and communicate with them no more than with heathen.

14 DENISESBVRNA identified generally with Dalston near Hexham, but as Hefenfelth was north of the Roman wall (p 21 16) it seems likely that the Rivus Denise was also to the north. For a discus- 35 sion of the question see Smith append xiii. Fordun III 35 says est autem locus pugnae iuxta murum illum qui uocatur Thyrlwall ad aquilonem quo Romani quondam ob arcendos Scotorum impetus totam a mari ad mare praecinxerunt Britanniam.

2]

ADORATION OF THE CROSS.

II

215

EFORE engaging in the battle against Ceadualla, Osuald erected

was rewarded with victory. The place where the cross was erected 5 was called Hefenfelth (Heaven's field) and many miracles are known to have been performed there; also water in which chips taken from the cross have been steeped, has restored to health both men and cattle when they have either drunk or been sprinkled with it. The brethren of the monastery of Hagustald keep a yearly watch and service on this Io spot for the rest of King Osuald's soul, and a church has since been built there. As an instance of the miraculous powers of this cross and all things connected with it, Beda relates the cure of the broken arm of one of the brethren at Hagustald by means of some moss brought to him from the cross by one of his fellows.

15

This chapter is cited in Amalar Metens eccles off 1 14 (Migne Cv 1029a, a chapter 'on the adoration of the holy cross') 'some would fain adore the very cross on which the Lord was crucified. I would that it were in all churches, it would be deservedly revered before others. Though every church cannot have it, yet the power of the holy cross 20 is not wanting in those crosses which are made after the likeness of the Lord's cross, as we read in the book of the history of the Angles respecting Oswald,' etc. ib. 1030b-d as we accept the other sayings of dominus Beda, why should we not also accept these, wherein is narrated the Lord's power, displayed by the veneration of the holy cross? If 25 any one shall choose to say, that what Beda reports of the wood of the holy cross did not really happen, and if such a doubter is believed, he will be able to overthrow many testimonies of holy Scriptures, which God forbid. And if any one shall choose to disparage (? succensere) this present deed, he appears to rebel against God who bestowed this power 30 on the wood of the holy cross, that it not only for the present gave the victory to his servant, but also in later time worked miracles by the merits of the holy cross.... But if any one shall say: "Why do you not adore the ass, because the Lord sat on it, or other such things, which the Lord touched with his body?" I reply secundum paruitatem meam, 35 that I do not read on the authority of holy fathers, that miracles and healings were displayed from them, as by the power of the holy cross; and neither do I know that I was redeemed by them as by the holy cross, nor that the devil's arts were scattered, hell gates broken, the

souls of the righteous led to paradise by them, as by it.' Cf. Lingard II 94 95 on the devotion paid to the cross by the Anglo-Saxons. P 20 23 STÁTVI DEBERET=statueretur.

P 21 3 IN CVIVS LOCO c xli Vita Kentegerni treats of crosses which that saint erected in many places and of the miracles which were 5 wrought at them. One of these was at Glasgow, and of this it is said multi enim arrepticii et a spiritibus immundis uexati nocte dominica solent ad crucem illam alligari et in crastinum inueniuntur mentis compotes, liberati et mundati, siue aliquotiens mortui aut cita morte defuncturi. Of another it is said ad hanc crucem plures uariis languoribus 10 grauati et maxime furiosi et a demonio uexati ad uesperum uinciuntur et mane multociens sani et incolumes inuenti ad sua libere reuertuntur.

,, 4 VIRTVTES miracles=duváμeis. Miracles also at the place of Alban's martyrdom (1,7 end). Baronius 7135-16 gives a formal protocol of the cure of a demoniac at Rome by means of the relics of 15 Anastasius; ib 727 12 (end) cures of diseases the customary ministry of saints.

7 ASTVLAS splinters p 43 1 27. p 501 15. p 105 1 11. cf p 22 19. Greg Tur glor mart I 42.

AQVAS P 36 16. p 39 1 10 and 25. P 431 27. P 50 1 16, 20 P 99 1 14. The virtue of relics was thus multiplied without limit; water, in which they were dipt, could be applied externally or internally (potauerint siue asperserint). Bread blessed by Cuthbert (Beda mirac Cuthb 25 cf uita Cuthb 31) was used in the same way: intingunt lymphis, potandum suscipit aeger. A boy (mirac Cuthb 40) cured of demoniac possession 25 by water mixt with earth on which had been poured lauacrum corporis eius, water in which C had washed himself. Eddius uita Wilfridi 63 a wooden cross raised and miracles wrought on the spot where the water used in washing Wilfrid's corpse was poured out; a nun's withered hand cured by the water in which an abbat's dirty sindon had been 30 washed. Cf Greg Tur glor mart 1 6 col 728. 13 731°. 71 end.

8 POTAVERINT 'watered', supplied with drink.

10-12 HEFENFELTH, QUOD PRAESAGIO FVTVRORVM NOMEN

ACCEPIT such reflexions on significant names (Aias Polyneikes Prometheus etc) are common in the classics Valckenaer Eur Ph 639, 35 Blomfield Aesch Pr 87. Fuller cent VII § 63 'a place which time out of mind was called Heafen-feld...by a prolepsis, not answering the name thereof untill this time. Thus it is generally reported, that the place nigh Lipsick, where the king of Sweden, got one of his signal victories,

was, time out of mind, termed by the Dutch Gots Acre, or Gods ground. And thus, as Onesimus and Eutychus were so called from their infancy, but never truely answered their names, till after the conversion of the one, and reviving of the other: so places (whether casually, or pro35 phetically) have names anciently imposed upon them, which are sometimes verified many ages after'.

to sea.

P 21 15 MVRVM p 59 1 5. p 61 13-5. 1 5 (from Orosius) where the uallum of Severus, made of earth, is distinguished from a murus of stone. ibid 11 the Romans dwelt south of this uallum, as is witnessed 'to this Io day' by their cities, lighthouses, bridges and roads. The passage here quoted (supra) is ibid 12 (from Gildas) after the retirement of the Romans (A D 409) from Britain, the Britons suffered greatly from the incursions of the Picts and Scots (the barbari here meant). On their piteous appeal a legion was sent, which drove back the invaders and, 15 on leaving the island, urged the Britons to build a stone wall from sea Having no engineer equal to the task, the Britons only raised a uallum of turf. Again they appealed for help, again a legion is sent, which built a solid stone wall on the line of the uallum of Severus, 8 ft broad and 12 high, hactenus famosum atque conspicuum. See also 20 Bedae chronicon A D 426 MHB p 93°. Gildas hist 11-14 MHB pp IO II. Nennius 19 MHB p 60. Smith's appendix v. C Wellbeloved Eburacum 1842. J C Bruce the Roman walls 1867 4to. H Maclauchlan the Roman wall...from original surveys 1857 fol. memoir written during a survey of the Roman wall 1858. E Hübner inscrip25 tiones Britanniae latinae Berol 1873 fol pp 99-164 on the uallum Hadriani. He lays it down as certain that at any rate after Severus no such fortification was raised in Britain. The wall of Hadrian runs from Wallsend on the Tyne to Bowness, almost due E and W, to a length of 73 miles. It consists of three parts: the uallum (mound of 30 earth and trench), a stone wall with towers at intervals and smaller forts of distances of about a mile; stations or larger forts mostly between the murus and uallum. Gildas (cf Beda) has wrongly assigned these three parts to three separate dates. Beda would have the wall constantly in view, as Jarrow lies at the mouth of the Tyne. Varin (10635 120) analyses at great length Gildas and Beda, and gives far too much weight to their evidence.

,, 15-30 EST AVTEM LOCVS-STATVERET this passage is omitted from the Saxon version.

292 gives as boundaries assigned to Hexham diocese E the Tees, W Weterhall, N the Alne Varin 223-231.

P 21 22 FACERE depends on consuetudinem fecerant (1819). cfp 27 125-27.

P 22 2 3 QVI-ANNOS omitted in the Saxon version as was to be 5 expected.

13 VETERI MVsco in Cockayne's Leechdoms &c II 345 as a cure for elf-disease among other ingredients, "take moss of lichen from the hallowed sign of Christ" and a little further on in the same IQ recipe is prescribed "lichen off a crucifix".

19 REQUIRERE inf of purpose p 34 1 17 n. p 61 1 12. Beda mirac Cuthb 7 (II II II Stev) pascere, non pasci, ueniens. uita Cuthb 44 § 74 (II 132 14) perducas me...adorare. Greg dial II 30. Greg Tur glor mart 1 65 (col 796°) ingressi sunt uel defunctorum colli- 15 gere corpora uel columnarum fragmenta rimari.

III

HEN Oswald was settled in his kingdom he sent to the Scots,

WHE

among whom he had so long lived, and begged them to send him a bishop who might instruct his people in the Christian faith. They 20 sent him bishop Aedan, a man of exemplary piety, though he still kept Easter after the custom of the northern peoples and not according to Roman use. His see was established in the island of Lindisfarne, and he laboured earnestly for the spreading of the faith. The king often acted as interpreter when Aedan was preaching, for the bishop 25 had not mastered the English language. Many clergy came afterwards from the country of the Scots into England, and churches and monasteries were built in good number. Aedan was a monk of the famous monastery of Hii, which island had been given by the Picts to the Scottish monks a long while before.

Versified in Alcuin sanct Ebor 274-290.

P 22 23 MOX VBI=simul ac.

REGNVM SVSCEPIT the date of Oswald's accession was AD 634 Sax Chron.

30

27 EXVLANS P 19 1 11. The dynasty of Deira, which Oswald dethroned, was in communion with Rome (11 9). Another exile, who enjoyed the hospitality of the Scots and Picts, Ecgbert p 81 1 2.

35