276

THE POWER OF THE KEYS.

[III

contra quem conluctationem controuersiae et iudiciorum eius in uita mea non facio nec facientibus consentio.'

P 76 7 COLVMBAE V 9 p 191 1 15 seq S.

10 ETIAM 'yes.' v 2 John of Beverley to a dumb man: 'dicito aliquod uerbum, dicito gæ' [=yea, yes] quod est lingua Anglorum 5 uerbum adfirmandi et consentiendi, id est etiam. v 9 (p 191 1 11 S) interrogauitque me, an eum cognoscere possem. aio 'etiam: tu es enim Boisil.'

12 OSTIARIVS V 21 (p21612 S) Ceolfrid clenched his argument with the same appeal to hope and fear in his letter to the Picts: sic 10 enim fit ut post acceptam temporalis regni potentiam ipse beatissimus apostolorum princeps caelestis quoque regni tibi tuisque cum ceteris electis libens pandat introitum. h a 11 (end) of Benedict (ob 12 Jan 690) sepultus in ecclesia beati apostoli Petri, ut, quem degens in carne semper solebat amare, quo pandente ianuam regni 15 caelestis intrabat, ab huius reliquiis et altari post mortem nec corpore longius abesset. So Aldhelm (in Bonif p 30 Jaffé) si ergo Petro claues caelestis regni a Christo conlatae sunt, de quo poeta [Aldhelm himself de aris Mariae II 2] ait: 'clauiger aetherius, portam qui pandit in aethra,' quis, ecclesiae eius statuta principalia spernens et doctrinae man- 20 data contemnens, per caelestis paradisi portam gratulabundus ingreditur? et si ipse potestatem ligandi atque monarchiam sol. uendi in caelo et in terra felici sorte et peculiari priuilegio accipere promeruit, quis, paschalis festi regulam et tonsurae Romanae ritum refutans, non potius se strictis nexibus inex- 25 tricabiliter obligandum quam clementer absoluendum ullatenus arbitretur? Jaffé monum Carol (Berl 1867) 14. 16-18. pope Martin I in Baronius 646 20 donec iudicium de eo nostrae apostolicae auctoritatis, hoc est principis apostolorum Petri, cognoscat, utpote quoniam solus et prae omnibus creditus est atque accifere meruit a rege regum Christo deo claues regni 30 caelorum ad aperiendum recte credentibus in eundem dominum nostrum et claudendum infidelibus haereticis. Gildas in MHB 33 clauicularius ille caelorum. ibid 45°. Ebrard, Rettberg and Werner (Bonifacius Leipz 1875 36. 37. 104) have shewn that the British church represented spiritual freedom as opposed to the 35 ralute monarchy and mechanical good works of Rome.

26] BISHOP COLMAN RETURNS TO SCOTLAND. 277

WHE

XXVI

HEN Colman saw his opinions rejected he returned to Scotland to consult with his friends there what he ought to do. Bishop Cedd adopted the catholic use in his own see. This synod was in 5 664 AD. Tuda succeeded Colman as bishop in Northumbria, and Eata abbat of Mailros was made abbat of Lindisfarne. This Eata was one of twelve boys whom Aedan had taken from among the Angles for special instruction and he afterwards became bishop of Lindisfarne. Colman took with him into Scotland some of the bones 10 of bishop Aedan. The humble style of all the buildings of the community over which he presided shews the frugality and self-denial of Colman and his predecessors. They kept no money, built no houses for the reception of the visits of great men, their thought being to serve God and not the world. Thus men of religion were held in 15 great veneration, and their preaching and other ministrations much sought unto. This continued to be the character of the Northumbrian

20

church for a long time afterwards.

Cf c 17.

P 76 21 AGILBERCTVS p 31 1 20. p 70 1 29 n.

22 DOMVM to Gaul Pagi 664 5-7. Eddius 12 he there with 11 other bps consecrated Wilfrid.

COLMAN Eddius 10 (end) uncharitably says Colmanus uero episcopus audiens quid esset faciendum, tonsuram et paschae rationem propter timorem patriae suae contempsit, ut recederet et alii 25 meliori sedem suam occupandam relinqueret. Peter the venerable in Bernard ep 229 (=IV 17) § 9 takes too cheerful a view of these controversies, when he cites them as examples of variety without schism: alio tempore oriens, alio occidens, alio in eadem Britanniae insula Angli, alio Scoti Christiani, scilicet antiquiores, pascha domini cele30 brabant. Cuthbert (Beda uita Cuthb 39 § 65) at his death charged his disciples to refuse communion to those who dissented from the Roman usage; yet he was prior of Aedan's foundation Lindisfarne. Fuller 91 in this councill, or collation (call it which you please) after much arguing pro and con, Wilfride at last knockt down all 35 with this argument: that the Romish celebration of Easter was founded on the practice of St Peter, prince of the apostles, and porter of heaven. King Oswy hearing this was affrighted, who had rather anger all the other eleven apostles than offend St Peter, one so high in power and

278

OF BISHOP EATA.

[III

place; for fear (as he said) lest coming to heaven-gate, St Peter should deny him a cast of his office, and refuse to let him into happinesse. S' Coleman, being on the other side, was angry, that so slight an argument had made so deep an impresion on the king's credulity: and, to manifest his distaste, after the councill was broken up, carried 5 all those of his own opinion home with him into Scotland.'

P 76 23 QVI SE SEQVI VOLVERVNT uiri circiter XXX p 99 1 29.

24 PASCHA CATHOLICVM ET TONSVRAM CORONAE P 70 1 20 n. P 77 1 9. p 90 1 26 n. v 22 (p 217 9 S) of the Britons et capita sine corona praetendunt et sollemnia Christi sine ecclesiae Christi 10 societate uenerantur.

8 SCOTTOS AVSTRINOS the southern Irish had long before submitted to Rome p 23 1 12-15.

" 9 MOREM PROVINCIAE Ussher shews from Adamnan and elsewhere that the inhabitants of the southern districts of Ireland 20 adhered to the discipline of the church of Rome primord p 934 (Stevenson).

CORONAM TONSVRAE cet p 76 1 24 n.

14 ET VERBO ET OPERE p 27 1 2 n.

17 EATA P 115 1 5-8. p 151 1 7-10 uir omnium man- 25 suetissimus. p 152 1 22. uita Cuthb 6 he received Cuthbert as a monk of Melrose. 7 and appointed him 'praepositus hospitum' in the new foundation of Ripon. 16 made him provost of Lindisfarne : nam et ipsum locum idem reuerentissimus pater abbatis iure regebat. 25 when bp summoned Cuthbert to a conference at Melrose. 30 His life in Surtees soc no 8 miscellanea biographica 1838 pp 119-125 from a York ms.

18 MAILROS p 151 1 7. p 152 1 20. v 9 (p 191 6 S). 12 (p 195 15) Tuidi fluminis circumflexu maxima ex parte clauditur. uita Cuthb 6. 7. Lambarde confuses Melrose with the monastery of 35 Lindisfarne.

20 XII PVERIS on the frequency with which this number was adopted by the early Christians, see Reeves' introd to life of S Columba p lxxi. This duodecimal economy is seen in the story of king Oswald

26]

HONOUR PAID TO MEN of religION.

279

and his twelve companions in exile Adamn uita S Columbae 1 I, in the number of Columba's own disciples, in the twelve years which formed the term of monastic service. St Willibrord's companions in his missionary expedition to Friesland were also twelve. In most of 5 these cases we find mention, that it was iuxta numerum XII aposto lorum, shewing a desire to imitate even the accidental features of the apostolic system.

P 77 24 NON MVLTO POST AD 678 IV 12 end.

99 25 DOмVм р 761 26.

26 OSSIVM P 49 1 19. Lingard 11 87.

10

3 POTENTIVM SAECVLI P 27 1 30.

10 TVNC in contrast with the degeneracy of Beda's time for 15 which see his ep ad Ecgb and Bonif ep ad Cuthb (both in Hussey). 12 VENERATIONE p 151 1 31-p 152 1 3. At a little later date there is a curious narrative of how religious men were honoured. A very wealthy nobleman was in the habit of often saying in the presence of the brotherhood, who will obtain for me the honour of 20 entertaining the great hero St Cuthbert and sheltering him under my roof? I call Christ and my faith to witness that were he to come I would adorn my house with plate, strew my threshold and court-yard with roses and sweet-smelling lilies and make my walls shine with shields of gold. My butler should joyfully receive his attendants 25 with capacious bowls of wine, and serve them with horns of mead, so that the number of their cups should be innumerable. Beds should be prepared for the saint in my chambers and halls, with my own hands would I place him on the couch and would cherish his feet in my bosom.' See Hardy catal Brit hist vol 1 pt 1 pref p xxxii.

30

16 MANV SIGNARI V 2 John of Beverley cured a dumb man by signing his tongue with the cross; by his blessing he covered the same man's bald head capillis pulcherrime crispis. Of the cross marked on the forehead as a safeguard from evil spirits Ceolfrid in V 21 (p 215 9-15 S). Beda urges Ecgberct (ep c 9) to teach the 35 people, as a means of pleasing God, quam frequenti diligentia sig. naculo se dominicae crucis suaque omnia aduersum continuas inmundorum spirituum insidias necesse habeant munire. Cf Bonif ep P 42 1 19 Jaffé. PP 54. 226 (pope Zachary sends a scroll, in which the parts of the mass in which crosses are to be made, are marked). Greg

280

SIGN OF THE CROSS.

[III

ib 4

dial I 1 p 156a a falling rock checked by the sign of the cross. p 165 a nun, eating a lettuce without first blessing it with the sign of the cross, arrepta a diabolo protinus cecidit. ib 10 p 196 (cf note) a blind man cured. ib II cross made 'by faith, not by touch,' in the air was found impressed on bread in the oven. ib II 2 Benedict drives 5 away the devil who flew about him in the form of a blackbird. ib 3 P 216d he breaks a glass containing poison by making a cross in the air. ib III 5 (end) Sabinus makes the sign of the cross and drinks off poison sent by an archdeacon, who expires at that instant. ibid 6 cure of a demoniac. ibid 7 a Jew overheard a conference of evil spirits, 10 but remained safe having fortified himself with the sign of the cross. ibid 35 serpents killed. Baronius 719 10 a golden house crumbles into mud, and the guide stands detected as the devil. ibid 603 14 Greg I sends a cross with a 'benedictio' from the chains of SS Peter and Paul as a cure for the eyes: quia multa per eandem benedictionem 15 fieri miracula consueuerunt. Adamnan uita Columbae II 21. The cross was also employed as a signum salutare over the pail before milking, over tools before they were used. Hence arose the readiness to erect uexillum crucis on the site of any remarkable occurrence. The cruciform arrangement of masts and yards in a ship was also regarded as 20 conducive to a favorable voyage. For much additional matter on this subject see Reeves' introd to life of St Columba PP cxiv-cxv.

P 78 17 BENEDICI Adamn uita Columbae 111 27 by Columba's blessing Iona was freed from serpents. cf ibid I 12.

26 AVARITIAE ep ad Ecgb 4. 7. 10. 11 for 30 years, since 25 king Aldfrid's death, laymen had procured grants of land in perpetuity, on pretence of founding monasteries, in reality to escape the military service which possession of the land involved. TERRITORIA P 531 11.

28 COACTVS as Cedd was pressed to receive possessionem terrae aliquam p 63 17.

30

XXVII

THE

'HE year 664 AD was distinguished for an eclipse of the sun and a severe pestilence in Britain, in which bishop Tuda died. The plague also extended to Ireland. Many persons from among the Angles retired to Ireland at this period for study and instruction and were well 35 received by the Irish-Scots. Among these pious students were two young men Edilhun and Ecgberct, who were at the monastery of