298

GREEK AND LATIN LEARNING.

[IV

P 92 12 DIXIMVS p 90 1 1 and 15.

ARITHMETICAE ECCLESIAS

15 METRICAE ARTIS P 13 1 28 n. TICAE V 19 (p 205 1 42) Wilfrid learnt at Rome computum paschae rationabilem. cf p 751 21 n. Such calculations as are prefixed to the prayer-book and such rules as are found in Beda de temporum ratione. 5 In 820 Rhabanus Maurus wrote de computo. DCA 'calendar.'

17 HODIE AD 731 p 170 1 32.

18 LATINAM GRAECAMQVE LINGVAM AEQVE VT PROPRIAM NORVNT cf p 90 1 1 n. v 8 (end) of Tobias bp of Rochester uirum Latina Graeca et Saxonica lingua atque eruditione multi- 10 pliciter instructum. v 20 pr cuius [Hadriani] doctrinae simul et Theodori inter alia testimonium perhibet, quod Albinus discipulus eius, qui monasterio ipsius in regimine successit, in tantum studiis scripturarum institutus est, ut Graecam quidem linguam non parua ex parte, Latinam uero non minus quam Anglo- 15 rum, quae sibi naturalis est, nouerit. V 23 pr bp Tobias dies AD 726 discipulus beatae memoriae magistrorum Theodori archiepiscopi et abbatis Hadriani: unde...cum eruditione litterarum uel ecclesiasticarum uel generalium ita Graecam quoque cum Latina didicit linguam, ut tam notas ac familiares sibi eas, quam 20 natiuitatis suae loquellam haberet. Beda recommends (ep ad Ecgb 3) the abp to require all to learn and often repeat the Lord's prayer and creed in their mother-tongue: the clergy also and monks, who are ignorant of Latin, should do the same. ipse multis saepe sacerdotibus idiotis haec utraque, et symbolum uidelicet et dominicam orationem, 25 in linguam Anglorum translatam obtuli. Bonif ep 4 Jaffé Scottus ignoti nominis' writes to Aldhelm to borrow a book for a fortnight and to offer himself as a pupil. Aldhelm has been at Rome and has learnt from Maidulf. dum te praestantem ingenio facundiaque Romana ac uario flore litterarum, etiam Graecorum more, non nesciam, ex ore 30 tuo, fonte uidelicet scientiae purissimo, discere malo, quam ex aliquo quolibet potare turbulento magistro. cf Will Malmesb uita Aldhelmi inWharton Anglia sacra II 3. Pope Zachary (1 July 746) rebukes Boniface (p 168) for rebaptising children baptised by a Bavarian priest, qui linguam Latinam penitus ignorabat et, dum baptizaret, nesciens Latini 35 eloquii, infringens linguam diceret: 'baptizo te in nomine patria et filia et spiritus sancti.' In the AS church the Greek creed was sung in service, as at St Gallen and Reichenau. King Aethelstan's psalter' (ms Cotton Galba A xvIII) contains in its third portion (9th cent)

2]

CHURCH SINGING.

299 a short litany, the Lord's prayer, the apostles' creed and the ter sanctus in AS character, but the language Greek. See Ussher de Romanae ecclesiae symbolo Lond 1647. Heurtly harmonia symbolica Oxf 1858 and esp CP Caspari ungedruckte, unbeachtete und wenig beachtete 5 Quellen zur Gesch des Taufsymbols III Christiania 1875 (passim esp 188-199. 219-234. 466-510). Alcuin ep 257 cites Greek. id sanct Ebor 1542-9 specifies Athan Bas Io Chrys Aristot among the treasures of York library. Theganus uita Ludouici imp (Migne CVI 413°) lingua Graeca et Latina ualde eruditus, sed Graecam melius in10 tellegere poterat quam loqui; Latinam uero sicut naturalem aequaliter loqui poterat. From the ann monast (Wav) II 155 under the year 741 we find, Romanae ecclesiae LXXXIX Zacarias praesidet. hic libros decalogorum beati Gregorii de Latino in Graecum vertit.

15

P 92 26 SONOS CANTANDI IN ECCLESIA 1 28 n. p 93 123. p 114 1 10. p 125 l 19—126 1 3. p 171 1 14. v 6 pr abbat Herebald says cum primaeuo adulescentiae tempore in clero illius [of John of Beverley] degerem legendi quidem canendique studiis traditus. V 22 (end) Beda's friend Acca cantatorem quoque egregium uocabulo Maban, qui a suc20 cessoribus discipulorum beati papae Gregorii in Cantia fuerat cantandi sonos edoctus, ad se suosque instituendos accersiit [to Hexham] ac per annos duodecim tenuit, quatenus et, quae illi non nouerant, carmina ecclesiastica doceret et ea, quae quondam cognita longo usu uel neglegentia inueterare coeperant, huius doctrina priscum renouarentur 25 in statum. nam et ipse episcopus Acca cantator erat peritissimus. He was first trained under Boza, then under Wilfrid, whom he accompanied to Rome. As one result of his visit to Rome in 678 Benedict Biscop (h a p 295 24 S) ordinem cantandi psallendi atque in ecclesia ministrandi iuxta morem Romanae institutionis 30 suo monasterio contradidit, postulato uidelicet atque accepto ab Agathone papa archicantore ecclesiae beati apostoli Petri et abbate monasterii beati Martini Iohanne, quem sui futurum magistrum monasterii Romanum Anglis adduceret. qui illo perueniens non solum uiua uoce quae Romae didicit ecclesiastica discentibus tradidit, 35 sed et non pauca etiam litteris mandata reliquit, quae hactenus in eiusdem monasterii bibliotheca memoriae gratia seruantur.

conc Rom

5 July 595 (Greg op II 1288 ed Ben. Mansi IX 1226. X 475): 'it has been for some time the practice in the Roman church to ordain singers as deacons, and still to employ them to chant, and no longer

300

GREGORIAN CHANTS.

[IV

for preaching or attending on the poor. The consequence is that in appointments to the ministry a good voice is more considered than a good life. Therefore no deacon shall henceforth sing in the church, except the gospel at mass.' Ioannes Diaconus (in Baronius 604 23) says of Gregory I antiphonarium regulari musicae modulatione 5 centonizauit et scholas cantorum in ecclesia Romana constituit. Pope Sergius a Syrian of Antioch, began as a singer studiosus erat et capax in officio cantilenae (id 687 6). conc Clovesho AD 747 c 12 (Haddan-Stubbs III 366) presbyters to adopt simplicem sanctamque melodiam secundum morem ecclesiae; if they cannot sing, they must IO read. c 15 (p 367) ' of the 7 canonical hours.' c 27 (PP 372—4) ' of the usefulness of sacred psalmody.' In 760 bp Remedius of Rouen introduced the Roman church-singing by aid of the cantor Simeon; afterwards Frankish monks went to the Roman schools of singing, by direc tion of Pepin; in 787 Charles the Great urged his clergy to exchange 15 the Gallican use for the Roman (Werner's Bonifacius Leipz 1875 453). Bingham III 7. XIV I. de Coussemaker hist de l'harmonie au moyen âge Par 1852 4to. idem scriptorum de musica medii aeui nouam seriem a Gerbertina alteram collegit nuncque primum edidit ibid 1863-77. 4 vols 4to. DCA 'cantor.' In process of time the position of the 20 musical portion of ecclesiastics became one of the gross abuses. In a petition prepared by Richard Ullerston for the bishop of Sarum to present to the council of Pisa the twelfth article is contra praerogatiuam cantorum. Some of his remarks are quoted from St Gregory. In ecclesia dudum consuetudo est ualde reprehensibilis exorta ut quidam 25 ad sacri altaris ministerium cantores eligantur et in diaconatus ordine instituti modulationi uocis inseruiant, quos ad predicationis officium et eleemosynarum studium uacare congruebat: and in rugged verse he

says:

non uox sed uotum, non musica chordula sed cor,

non clamor sed amor sonat in aure dei.

P 92 28 IACOBво p 69 1 18 n. II 20 end.

30

30 AEDDI or Eddius author of the life of Wilfrid (ed by Gale and in Mabillon AA SS Ben v 671–722) which see c 14 (end) after the death of Deusdedit king Ecgberct summoned Wilfrid to Kent, where 35 he held ordinations, episcopalia officia per plura spatia agens, cum cantoribus Aedde et Aeona... in regionem suam reuertens cum regula Benedicti instituta ecclesiarum dei bene meliorauit.

2]

INVALID ORDINATION.

301

P 93 4 EPISCOPOS Haddan-Stubbs III 118. Bisi for E Anglia (p 101 126) probably consecrated 669 (Flor Vig), for his predecessor Bonifacius consecrated 652 (p 58 1 2) held the see 17 years (p 104 1 16); Wilfrid at York for Northumbria, including the Picts under the rule of Oswy (p 94 5 11-4. V 19 p 206 29 S. Eddius 15); Chad (1 5-13. IV 3) at Lichfield for Mercia and the Lindisfari 669; Putta at Rochester (1 14—25) 669; Leutherius for Wessex (III 7 end) 670 (AS chron); on Chad's death Winfrid for Lichfield (IV 3 end) 672.

6 NON RITE CONSECRATVM p 82 18 n. Eddius 15 after three 10 years abp Theodore came de regione Cantuaria to the king of the Deiri and Bernicii,... and brought with him the statutes of the apostolic see. by which he had been sent. primoque ingressu illius regionis rem contra canones male gestam a ueris testibus audiuit, quod praedonis more episcopus alterius episcopi sedem praeripere ausus sit; in15 digneque ferens Ceaddam episcopum de aliena sede iussit deponi. ille uero seruus dei uerus et mitissimus tunc peccatum ordinandi a quartadecimanis in sedem alterius plene intellegens paenitentia humili secundum iudicium episcoporum confessus emendauit et cum consensu eius in propriam sedem Eboracae ciuitatis sanctum Wilfridum episcopum consti20 tuit. tunc sanctus pontifex noster secundum praeceptum domini non malum pro malo, sed bonum ut Dauid Saulo pro malo reddens, qui dixit: 'non mittam manum meam in christum domini,' sciebat sub Wlfario rege Merciorum fidelissimo amico suo locum donatum sibi in Licetfelda et ad episcopalem sedem aut sibi aut alii cuicumque uoluisset dare paratum. 25 ideoque pacifice inito consilio cum uero seruo dei Ceadda in omnibus rebus episcopis oboediente, per omnes gradus ecclesiasticos ad sedem praedictam plene eum ordinauerunt et honorifice rege suscipiente eum in locum praedictum constituerunt. ibique benedicte in uita sua multa bona perficiens tempore 30 oportuno in uiam patrum exegit, expectans diem domini in iudicio uenturo, ut credimus sibi mitissimum, sicut dignum est. Theodore's penitential II 91 (Haddan-Stubbs III 197) enjoins the reordination of such as have only Scotch (Irish) or British orders.

35

10 ILLE Theodorus.

14 DEFVNCTO DEVSDEDIT p 89 13-5. QVAEREBATVR etc c 1 15 VILFRID III 28 pr.

16 ANTE THEODORVM ie before 27 May 669 p 92 1 3.

17 IPSE Wilfrid. Eddius 14 Ecgbertus quoque rex Cantuariorum religiosus pontificem nostrum ad se accersiuit et illic presbyteros

302

OF BISHOP CEADDA.

[IV

multos (ex quibus unus erat Puta...) et non paucos diaconos ordinauit.

P 93 19 IPSE Theodorus. VENIENS IN CIVITATE P 531 32. HROFI Rochester.

,, 23 PVTTA | 17 n. same character of him p 114 1 1—10.

5

After the devastation of Kent by church and went about as a teacher

,, 24 DISCIPVLIS p 92 1 26 n. conc Clovesho 747 c 17 (Haddan- 10 Stubbs III 368) festivals of Gregory and of Augustine kept in the English church.

III

N the death of bishop Iaruman, Vulfheri king of the Mercians

to Consecrate another bishop for 15

Mercia, but the archbishop brought Ceadda from Læstingaeu, and left Wilfrid as bishop of all the northern kingdom of Oswy. Ceadda's custom was to walk from place to place in the labours of his episcopate, but the archbishop insisted that he should ride and on one occasion lifted him on to his horse. He was an exemplary bishop among the Mercians 20 and Lindisfari, and Vulfheri gave him a site for a monastery at Adbaruæ, but his episcopal see was at Lichfield. He had also a retired mansion for prayer and private study, where he lived with seven or eight of the brethren. After he had been bishop of Mercia for two years and a half when many of the church were taken from life and he among the rest, 25 the approach of his death was miraculously made known to him, and the manner of the revelation was related by one of the brethren named Ouini. He was a monk of great merit and had come to Laestingaeu from East Anglia. He entered the monastery as a labouring monk, for he was not able to study. On one occasion while he was at outdoor 30 work and the brethren had gone to the church, he heard a sound of joy and singing come down from heaven and enter and fill the room where Ceadda was, and after about half an hour the same sound went up back into heaven. Not long after the bishop looking forth from a window sent Ouini to church to summon the brethren, whom Ceadda exhorted 35 to regularity of discipline and holiness of life and told them that his Teath was not far distant. When Ouini was afterwards alone with the