18]

MONOTHELITE CONTROVERSY.

343

649 praef (p 145 end Haddan-Stubbs) unum et eundem filium unigenitum, deum uerbum, dominum Iesum Christum, et duas eiusdem sicuti naturas unitas inconfuse indiuise, ita et duas naturales uoluntates diuinam et humanam et duas naturales operationes diuinam 5 et humanam. Canons 10-16 affirm in detail the two wills and two operations, divine and human, in the one person of Christ. The Roman council of 679, at which Wilfrid was present, denounced the monothelite opinions (Beda v 19 p 207 5 sq S). cf Haddan-Stubbs III 140. They were definitively condemned by the 6th general council held at Con10 stantinople in 680 (Hefele Conciliengesch bk XVI III2 121-313). Walch Hist der Ketzereien IX (Leipz 1780). Beda de sex aetatibus AD 642— 688 (11 196-198 Stev) gives some account of the controversy. See any church history of the 7th century. conc Trull c 1 (Bruns I 35 end). conc Tolet XIV 684 c 3. 4 which shews the relation of national synods 15 to the bp of Rome: placuit porro illo tunc tempore apologeticae defensionis nostrae responsis satisfacientes Romano pontifici ea ipsa gesta firmare nostraeque fidei sensum purissima uerborum enodatione depromere. et quia illic de hac gemina uoluntate et operatione Iesu Christi filii dei copiose et dilucide insigniuntur quae uera sunt, quae iam utique Ro20 manis partibus per legatos Hispaniae destinata sunt. Baronius 622 2. 628 5 6. 629. 633. 645 esp 19. 646 11. 17. 18. 649 25 seq. 31 (great violence of pope Martin). 37. 38. esp 56. 656. 657 15. 16. 30-35. 680 2, esp 12. 18 end. 19. 681 3. 6. 9. 35. 39. 53. Pagi 626 11. 12. 628 7. 629. 639 4. 649 3. 5. the Greek disputatio Maximi cum Pyrrho (printed 25 in Baronius after AD 679). The handful of Maronites in Lebanon alone represent the monothelite party in our day.

P 126 10 ADTVLIT he brought with him (16) synodum, ie the decrees of the council. cf v 19 (p 207 1 29 S) cum..synodus...legeretur (Hussey). PRAEFATO p 125 19.

II TRANSSCRIBENDAM P 125 I 28 n.

30

19 DIXIMVS C 17. Agatho had expected that Theodore and other divines from England would attend the Roman council Baronius 680 2. Lingard IIII.

344

QUEEN AEDILTHRYDA.

[XIX]

[IV

ING Ecgfrid took to wife Aedilthryda daughter of Anna king of

of

duke of the South Gyruii, She lived with Ecgfrid twelve years, but in both marriages she remained glorious in the integrity of her virginity. 5 Hence it was that after her death her body remained uncorrupted. She long entreated to be allowed to retire into a monastery, and at last entered that which was presided over by the abbess Aebba at Coludi Urbs (Coldingham). But within about a year she was herself made abbess at Elge (Ely) where she built a monastery. She never wore 10 linen after her entry on the monastic life, and seldom used warm baths. She spent much time in prayer, and was able to foretell a pestilence of which she herself was to die, and also to declare how many of the inhabitants of that monastery should die of the same plague. She was buried in a wooden coffin at first, but her sister Sexburga, who succeeded 15 her as abbess, caused her body to be taken up, after it had been buried for sixteen years, and then it was found to be free from corruption, and those who were sent forth to seek a stone for a new coffin, found a coffin of marble and a lid of the same marvellously put in readiness for them near the walls of the city of Grantchester. The physician Cynefrid tells how 20 on examination of the body, the wound, which he had made by lancing a tumour on the neck of the abbess shortly before she died, was found to be healed up. Her garments also were fresh as new. The pain of her tumour Aedilthryda counted as a punishment for the needless weight of necklaces she had worn when young and as a sign that God by this 25 chastisement absolved her from the guilt of idle levity. By the touch of her garments demons were put to flight and diseases cured. Blind people recovered sight by praying at the wooden coffin. The marble coffin was exactly fitted to the body of the virgin. Elge is in the province of East Anglia, and is so called from the number of eels that are 30 caught in the marshes there.

Beda de sex aetatibus 688 (11 199 Stev). Alcuin sanct Ebor 750— 779. Pagi 660 12 13. St Osith also became a nun in much the same way Baronius 653 10. Pagi 653 5. Eddius 19 Ecgfridus rex religiosus cum beatissima regina Adelreda, cuius corpus uiuens 35 ante impollutum, post mortem incorruptum manens adhuc demonstratur, simul in unum Wilfrido episcopo in omnibus obedientes facti, pax et gaudium in populis, anni frugiferi uictoriaeque in hostes dro adiuuante subsecutae sunt Ecgfrido rege in concordia pontificis

...

5

19]

VOWS OF CONTINENCE.

345

nostri uiuente secundum testimonium multorum regnum per undique uictorias triumphales augebatur. discordia uero inter eos posita et regina supradicta ab eo separata et deo dedicata, triumphare

in diebus regis desiuit. cf Pagi 671 4. 672 89.

P 127 2 ECGFRID his second wife Elmenburga also became a nun, when left a widow Eddius 24. Beda uita Cuthb 28.

3 ANNA he died A D 654 (Pagi 654 14).

4 SAEPIVS III 7 8. 18 19. 22. 24.

7 TONDBERCT she had been married to him two years before Io the death of her father consequently in 652 AD. Tondberct died in 655 AD. The interval between his death and her marriage with Ecgfrid had been spent at Ely.

IO VIRGINITATIS on ecclesiastical regulation of cohabitation see I 27 interrogatio 8. conc apost 6=5 excommunication of bp 15 priest or deacon who puts away his wife popáσeɩ evλaßeías. conc Turon II 567 c 12 'ut episcopus coniugem habeat ut sororem,' cf 13. 19 'de archipresbyteris et aliis clericis coniugatis, qua cautela segregati ab uxoribus uiuere debeant.' conc Autissiod 578 c 21 'ut clerici coniugati ab uxoribus abstineant.' conc Matiscon 1 581 c II. 20 conc Lugd III 583 c 1. Tert ad uxorem 1 6 quot item, qui consensu pari inter se matrimonii debitum tollunt, uoluntarii spadones pro cupiditate regni caelestis! quod si saluo matrimonio abstinentia toleratur, quanto magis adempto! Here (as by St Paul Cor 7 2 and 4) the consent of both parties is required. 25 So by Aug ep 127=45 where he urges Argentarius and his wife Paulina to keep the vow of continence which they have taken. Continence at certain seasons (exod 19 15, cf the castum Cereris etc of the heathen) was enjoined by the church (Hefele Beiträge zur Kirchengesch etc Tübingen 1864 11 364. Greg dial 1 10 col 193 with note 30 d). Many examples are collected by O Zöckler Gesch d Askese (Fr a M 1863) 233 234. Bingham VII 3 § 3. XVIII 2 §§ 6-8. Epiphan haer 59 4. Gregoria when betrothed fled to a nunnery (Greg dial III 14). Nursinus a presbyter would not allow his wife to approach him even on his death-bed, exclaiming: recede a me, mulier: adhuc 35 igniculus uiuit, paleam tolle (ibid IV 11). Iudicium Clementis (ie Willibrordi) in Haddan-Stubbs III 227 c 15 non licet legitimo coniugio separari, nisi amborum consensus fuerit, ut innupti maneant. conc Vermer 753 (al 756) c 4 if a woman have taken the veil without her husband's consent, it is at his option to reclaim her or not' (Hefele

346

ABBESS Aebbe.

[IV

Conciliengesch 12 574). Druthmar expos in Matt xi (Migne cvi 1310) si uero in monasterium abire uoluerint, neuter alium potest dimittere, nisi ambo uoluerint, et neuter habebit socium, quandiu ambo uiuunt. ib c 62 (1413°) qui saeculum gestiunt relinquere, debent exspectare ut et coniuges earum se queant 5 continere, quia non debet unus in monasterium abire et alius foris parem sortiri. Pope Zacharias in Jaffé's Bonif ep 43 p 118 end (1 Apr 743) blames some quia post susceptum sacerdotium se abstinere nolunt ab una uxore. Boniface to Aethilbald king of the Mercians (ep 59 P 170) si hoc causa castitatis et abstinentiae facere uoluisti, ut ab 10 uxoris coniunctione pro timore et amore dei abstinuisses, et hoc uerum et impletum pro deo comprobaueris et in hoc gaudemus ; quia non est reprehensibile sed magis laudabile. For the legend respecting Edward the confessor and Eadgyth see Freeman's Norman conquest II append B end. Pagi 655 9 and 10 Kineburga or 15 Cyniburga. Baronius 665 13 Wandregisil and his wife.

P 127 16 ILLO than Wilfrid.

21 CARO CORRVMPI NON POTVIT p 129 l 4.

25 VIX INPETRAVIT Sebbi had like difficulty with his wife

pi27.

20

26 AEBBÆ dau of Ethelfrid, sister of Oswi and Oswald, urged Etheldreda to take the veil (Tho Elien uita Etheldr 10). She died 25 Aug 683 (Pagi 683 17). Beda uita Cuthb ro when Cuthbert was at Melrose and his fame was spread abroad, erat sanctimonialis femina et mater ancillarum Christi, nomine Aebbe, regens monasterium 25 quod situm est in loco quem Coludi Urbem nominant, religione pariter et nobilitate cunctis honorabilis, namque erat soror uterina regis Osuiu. At her request Cuthbert spent some days in her monastery preaching and giving an example of holy living. Eddius 38 king Ecgfrid and his wife in a pompous progress quodam tempore ad coe- 30 nobium, quod Colodesburg dicitur, peruenerunt, cui praesidebat sanctissima materfamilias, nomine Aebbe, soror Oswini [sic] regis sapientissima. On a sudden the queen was possessed by a demon, and at the point of death. Aebbe explained that the possession was sent as a judgement; if Wilfrid were restored to liberty, and the relics 35 which he bore slung from his neck were restored to him, the queen .would recover. And so it fell out. Ebchester on the Derwent, where she first settled, and St Abb's Head are named from her (cf martyrol Angl 25 Aug. AA SS Aug V 194).

19]

TO GO WOOLWARD.

347

P 127 27 COLVDI VRBEM Coldingham in Berwickshire c 25. See correspondence, inventories, account rolls and law proceedings of the priory of Coldingham Surtees Soc no 12 1841.

28 VELAMINE SANCTIMONIALIS HABITVS A PRAEFATO AN5 TISTITE VILFRIDO p 137 1 5. Pope Zacharias 1 May 748 (Bonif ep 68 p 197 Jaffé) oportet ut, si ... sanctimonialis femina ... ibi constituitur praeesse, ut ab episcopo ciuitatis consecretur... abbatissa. 30 Apr 871 (ib 333) Liutbert abp of Maintz to Adrian II feminas ipsas... Constantiensis episcopus sua manu ad pro10 positum uirginitatis consecrauit et ipse eis uelamina benedixit; et eo prasente regularem uitam professae sunt.

P 128 3 NVMQVAM LINEIS SED SOLVM LANEIS VESTIMENTIS uita Cuthb 16 (end) Cuthbert always wore common clothes; hence at Lindis15 farne after his example obseruatur, nequis uarii aut pretiosi coloris habeat indumentum, sed ea maxime uestium specie sint contenti, quam naturalis ouium lana ministrat. Ferreoli regula 558 c 31 (Migne LXVI 970). Pope Zacharias in Migne LXXXIX 932be (a singularly audacious interpretation) monachi... lanea indumenta iuxta nor20 mam et regulam monasticae disciplinae atque traditionem sanctorum probabilium patrum sine intermissione utantur... apostolis quippe diuinum datum est mandatum duas tunicas non habendi; tunicas dixit Christus, utique laneas non lineas. conc Tribur 859 c 56 (Harduin vi 1 455) by way of penance no linen except about the hips'. Bp Fisher's 25 English works (1876) I 181 'truly it was a more glorious sight to se saynt Poule whiche gate his lyuynge by his owne grete labour in hungre, thurst, watchynge, in colde, goynge wolward and beryng about the gospell and law of cryst bothe vpon the see and on the londe, than to beholde now tharchebysshoppes and bysshoppes in theyr apparayle 30 be it neuer so ryche'. Love's labour lost v 2 'I have no shirt: I go woolward for penance'. Nares glossary 'woolward'. Burton's anatomy of melancholy pt III s 4 m I subs 2 (ed 1676 396 col 1) 'now when they are truly possessed with blind zeal and nusled with superstitition, he hath many other baits to inveagle and infatuate them farther yet, to 35 make them quite mortified and mad, and that under colour of perfection, to merit by penance, going wolward, whipping, alms, fastings'. ibid subs 3 (p 407 col 1) 'what mulct, what penance soever is enjoyned, they dare not but do it, tumble with St Francis in the mire amongst hogs, if they be appointed, go woolward, whip themselves, build hospi