the Indians into palki. Even in quoting from his own countrymen, Mr. Matheson is not exact,-as witness Si J. Suckling's lady's little feet, which we are told "stroll in and out." We need not wonder therefore, that the great Feast of the Mohammedans is here spoken of as a festival, and that the Imámbára is said "to gladden the eyes of the Shiahs of the Muharram,"-which is much the same as saying that the Confessional gladdens che eyes of the Catholics of Good Friday. As we have said, there are some useful descriptions of industrial occupations, such as that of the manufactures of lac-dye and shellac. If Mr. Matheson had confined himself to statistics, he might have supplied a valuable pamphlet. Yet even his statistics are not altogether inaccurate. Thus, he gives the number of police in Bengal, as 214,848, and then adds, that "there is only one constable to more than seven square miles."

Friederich Ferdinand Graf von Beust. Sein Leben und vornehmlich staatsmännisches Wirken. Von Dr. Friedrich W. Ebeling. Erster Band. (Leipsic, Wöller; London, Nutt.)

So far as we have had the patience to wade through this book, it contains only one biographical fact of interest, and that is connected with Count Beust's earliest infancy. The nurse who had charge of him directly after his birth, bathed him in some old wine which was given her as a present, and thereby imparted to the child a habit of extreme irritability. We do not know if this beginning is to be taken as significant of the Count's political career, but we cannot help wishing that the biographer had received the same stimulus. His pages are loaded with speeches, despatches, and a mass of similar material, under the weight of which we lose sight of Count Beust altogether. Long political disquisi

tions on the conduct of a minister of one of the smaller German States from 1848 to 1860 may be interesting to native disputants, but they do not answer our definition of a biography.

We have on our table The Manual of Colours and Dye Wares, by J. W. Slater (Lockwood),-Pewtner's Comprehensive Specifier, edited by W. Young (Longmans),-Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Melbourne Observatory in the Years 1866, 1867 and 1868 (Melbourne, Mason, Firth & Co.),

On the Vernon Dante, by H. C. Barlow, M.D. (Williams & Norgate), The Army Enlistment Bill of 1870' Analyzed and Discussed, by Capt. F. Trench (Macmillan),-Home-Made Wines, How to Make and Keep them, by G. Vine (Groombridge), -An Account of the Township of Iffley, by the Rev. E. Marshall, M.A. (Parker), Journal of the General Convention of the Church of Ireland, First Session, 1870, edited by the Rev. A. T. Lee, LL.D. (Dublin, Hodges & Foster), and Bible Lessons, by the Rev. E. A. Abbott, M.A., Part I. (Macmillan). Also the following pamphlets: Queensland the Progressive, by J. C. White (Wilson), -Quaritch's Catalogue of Manuscripts, Block Books, &c., No. 260,- Glasgow and West of Scotland Educational Guide (Glasgow, Bryce & Son),-Sixth Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund (Bentley),-A Voice from the Monastery against Sunday Lecture Societies, by O. Sherlock (Trübner), The Sword, the Pen and the Pulpit, a Discourse on Charles Dickens, by W. R. Alger (Boston, Brothers),-Vertheidigung Deutscher Klassiker gegen Neuere Angriffe, von A. Boden (Nutt), -Das Bairische Gymnasialwesen einst und jezt (Nutt), and Hugo Donellus in Ultdorf, von Dr. R. v. Stinking.

THEOLOGICAL BOOKS.

Ecumenical Councils: a Course of Lectures. By W. Urwick, M.A. (Simpkin, Marshall & Co.) SINCE it was publicly announced that Pius the Ninth had resolved to hold a general council at Rome, and especially since the assembling of the venerable body in December, 1869, a great number of books and pamphlets have issued from the press bearing on the subject. Of these the most important and valuable contribution to ecclesiastical history is Janus,' an essay full of well-digested matter, and all the more damaging to the Curia

6

as proceeding from a Roman Catholic or Catholics. But the spirit of Catholicism in Protestant Germany has been modified by the literature of Lutherans and others, becoming more tolerant, thoughtful and learned. In England and Ireland it is otherwise. The little book before us consists of six lectures, giving a brief but comprehensive survey of all the ecumenical councils hitherto held. The first examines the Scripture sanction for church councils, terminating with a table of the whole series, which is very useful because it has the date, place and object of each. After dividing these into four classes, the ecumenical councils of the Greek Church, the Western ones under Papal control, those summoned for the reform of the Church and the Papacy, and the fifth Lateran Council with that of Trent, the present Council of the Vatican is described. An appendix contains the Encyclical of 1864, the Syllabus, Letter summoning the council, with extracts from the Pope's invitation to the Greek prelates and to Protestants. The volume is an excellent compendium, written with ability, moderation, and clearness. The author has drawn his materials from the best sources, chiefly from Hefele's great work. He has also used Milman's 'Latin Christianity,' and other books. Without concealing his own sentiments, which are distinctively Protestant, his tone towards those who differ from him is courteous and Christian. He is a fair and candid writer, who handles a wide subject, which he has studied diligently, with considerable skill. Nor have we observed any inaccuracies which could effectually impair the value of the manual; for Vienna, in page 44, seems to be a misprint for Vienne. Those who wish to get a general survey of the nineteen ecumenical councils now held, in a volume as a safe and sufficient guide. The author brief compass, cannot do better than take the has seized all the principal points, and set them forth both in an instructive and interesting light. It has our hearty commendation, because it is disPapacy by its manly, scholarly character, untainted tinguished from the usual publications dealing with

with sectarian bitterness.

Greek Testament Studies; or, a Contribution towards a Revised Translation of the New Testament, &c. By Aliquis. (Pickering.)

THIS little book consists of four chapters, viz., passages better rendered by Tyndale than in subsequent versions, mysterium, imperfect tense, miscellaneous; the last the longest. At the end are several observations on different subjects. Some translations are decidedly better than those of the authorized version; many are not. The writer does not know his Greek Testament well, else he would not give such incorrect renderings as he often recommends. Thus James iii. 6 is translated, "The tongue is a fire and the world is wicked"; and Acts xvii. 22"ye are unusually devout." The author tells us that there are two important doctrines which have taken a firm hold of the consciences of mankind, one of them being, the eternity of future punishment; and says that no one should give up the text (1 John v. 7) "till he has read Forster's Three Heavenly Witnesses.'" Small as the volume is, the matter hardly seems worth printing. The writer is evidently afraid of important changes, and is incompetent to make them, not only from want of knowledge but of will.

The Visible Unity of the Catholic Church maintained against Opposite Theories. By M. T. Rhodes, M.A. 2 vols. (Longmans & Co.) THE line of argument adopted by this writer may be easily conjectured from the title of his book. We give it, however, in his own words:

Visible intercommunion of all the parts and all the members (of the Church) is essential to their life, and also to the integrity of the one body; that without it they ceased to be animated by the one spirit; and that apart from visible communion with this one Church (i.e. the Roman) no religious body can be a channel of the grace of Christ; nor any single soul attain salvation, excepting in the case of individuals whose ignorance is invincible in the sight of God." The author undertakes to assign reasons for belief in such a proposition, and

controverts the arguments of assailants, especially those of the Bishop of Brechin and Dr. Pusey. He maintains that the primacy of the see of St. Peter is one of dignity and jurisdiction. Granted this, his scheme of the Church must of necessity be the right one, but this is denied not only by Anglican controversialists, but by some of the Roman Communion, though modern influences have been steadily at work in maintaining the Ultramontane view. The writer appears conscious that he cannot appeal to history in support of his argument on this question without coming across some unwelcome facts; so he dismisses the question thus: "If Bishops at any time appear to have exercised jurisdiction beyond the limits assigned by authority vested in the Roman Pontiff it must be presumed that they were authorized, tacitly at least, by the Apostolic See of Rome." To read history with such a large proviso as this is practically to decline any real reference to past facts. The reader who chooses to peruse these volumes will find the usual Roman arguments stated without controversial bitterness. We have pointed out the jurisdiction, which will be sufficient theology for question on which the argument rests, that of ordinary readers; even to professed theologians it is a somewhat dry field of speculation. We may draw attention to the latter part of this work, in which a great deal of curious antiquarian information about ancient British and Welsh saints may be found, as well as particulars concerning the Churches of those countries and of France. The general reader will not turn to a theological book in order to prosecute antiquarian studies; but if he do so, in this case he will find much to interest and amuse

him, and can skip the theology if he is so disposed. The theological bearing of this historical portion of the book is to show that though there were differences between the Church of Rome and many saints and local churches, yet these differences did not involve formal breach of communion. On looking at some of the quarrels, we are of opinion that if the conduct of the early Scots and Britons did not bring down upon them a sentence of excommunication, any imitation of them in the present century would. The argument derived from these and similar cases is unavailing, if it can be shown that the liberty then conceded is now withdrawn. We may remark also that the case of the anti-popes is dismissed with a very few words; the circumstances connected with this great schism have far more to do with the question discussed in these volumes than the half-forgotten quarrels of our ancestors over matters of ecclesiastical discipline. Mr. Rhodes, however, may be satisfied the Council has proclaimed as a dogma that which was incapable of proof.

History and Revelation. The Correspondence of the Predictions of the Apocalypse with the marked Events of the Christian Era, &c. By James H. Braund. (Seeley, Jackson & Halliday.) THE book of Revelation has been a dark one to many. Because it is veiled in obscurity, it has excited great curiosity; all the more in propor tion to the degree in which it is thought to foreshadow, if not predict, future history. But the reveries of interpreters are innumerable. Conjectures of the wildest sort fill the pages of the commentators, who have darkened this part of Scripture with their baseless fancies. We had hoped to find expositors agreed at last in their view of the scope, intent, and general contents of the Apocalypse, since Ewald published his 'Commentarius, forty-two years ago. Great critics have expounded it-Ewald, Lücke, De Wette, Baur, and Bleek. The ingenious Volkmar has also interpreted it. In our own country Dr. Davidson has sketched its main features, in his late Introduction to the New Testament. The result is, that no portion of Scripture is better or more clearly apprehended. The mys tery supposed to enwrap the sublime intuitions of the Apostle John, has been cleared away, and the seer of Patmos stands forth in all the fiery energy with which he describes, as a Jewish Christian, the Lord's second coming in its connexion with the downfall of heathenism. It is therefore useless for the Preterists, Futurists, or continuous expositors

of the book, to refute one another's arguments, since they are all more or less mistaken.

The author of the two volumes before us proceeds no further in his exposition than the end of the sixth trumpet. His view of the inspired work is that of Mr. Elliott, whose 'Hora Apocalyptica' he supposes to be "the nearest to perfection of its kind extant." Hence the attempts to show the correspondences of history with the Apocalyptic predictions, by the help of Gibbon and other eminent historians.

We should have thought the scheme of interpretation pursued by Mr. Elliott in his bulky volumes almost exploded, but Mr. Braund brings it up again, and tries to recommend it to general acceptance. It is painful to be obliged to say that the author has wasted years of labour in bringing forth such results as are here presented; and whoever will trust to his guidance must err, because the general purport of the Apocalypse is misapprehended. St. John does not predict historical events in the future; he developes Jewish Christian eschatology in his own manner, under a peculiar inspiration.

Agreeing, as we do, with Mr. Braund, in the authorship of the Apocalypse, we differ from him in most particulars. He dates it under Domitian, which is wrong: it was composed immediately after Nero, and before the destruction of Jerusalem. As far as we can see, our expositor appears to be ignorant of the most recent and correct literature on the subject of his studies. Mr. Elliott is his magnus Apollo; therefore he has failed to look farther or deeper than he. This is unfortunate. With all respect for the laborious diligence evinced by Mr. Braund, we cannot but pronounce his 'History and Revelation' deeply disappointing. Had he discarded Mr. Elliott, and read and studied the authors who have thrown a true light on the Apocalypse, he might have done something effectual and praiseworthy.

Filial Honour of God by Confidence, Obedience, and Resignation. By W. Anderson, LL.D. (Hodder & Stoughton.)

THIS is a sort of sermonizing treatise, probably two or three sermons put in a different shape from that in which they were preached. The author is a vigorous and earnest writer, who thinks within a theological circle mainly Calvinistic. He is a poor interpreter of the Bible in many ways; and advocates a kind of selfish Christianity with great vehemence, maintaining that the pious are animated in their obedience by the prospect of being richly rewarded. In the first appendix, numerous testimonies are adduced for the doctrine of the reward of good works. The second appendix relates to the cup from the drinking of which Christ prayed to be saved, if it were possible. Here the author's interpretation is incorrect. Dr. Anderson does not shine as an expositor. His forte is the inculcation of the usual dogmas of orthodoxy in very vigorous, but not always elegant or correct English. The ideas have nothing new or striking to recommend them. He seems unacquainted with the modern literature which has thrown so much light on the gospel records and the character of Our Lord. His opinion of man's state before justification may be seen from these words: "He has been transferred from a rebel's position with a rebel's heart, where his works increased his condemnation, to a son's position, with a son's heart, where his works are pleasing to his Father." In another place he states that "Christ's sorrow was the procuring cause of Paul's joy" The platitudes of a school sound strangely in the ears of cultivated men unaccustomed to hear them.

Molochology not Theology: Penang Sermons. By James A. Mackay, B.D. (Trübner & Co.) MR. MACKAY writes vigorously, and has a fair knowledge of theology. His sermons show thought and earnestness, and they are on the whole readable and interesting, though to our mind they are too doctrinal. We cannot say they evince much breadth or liberality of view, which they would have done had the author been acquainted with the results of modern criticism. His tone and spirit generally

are by no means narrow. The sermon entitled "False Interpretations' is a favourable specimen of his method. He should know that "the Desire of all Nations," in Haggai ii. 7, does not mean Christ. It is needless to specify all that is incorrect in the volume; or to point out the extravagant language in which the writer occasionally indulges, since he is by no means a cautious thinker. Towards the close of the last sermon there is an example of strong assertion respecting infidelity (a thing he does not define) which is certainly unfitted to attract such as are indisposed to accept of a Revelation.

BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.

Les Aventures de Robin Jouet. Par Émile Carrey. (Tours, Mame et Fils.)

ROBIN JOUET is a French Robinson Crusoe, wrecked on one of the alluvial islands off the coast of Guyana, formed by the swift waters of the Amazon, where it meets the sea, and where the currents of the two great waters meet each other and struggle for mastery. There is a curious account of the alternate currents of fresh and salt water formed by the ocean and the river; also of the splendid and almost terrible vegetation of the rich virgin soil, and of the birds and beasts and monkeys which abound there. Of course, a Frenchman thrown upon a desert island deals with the exigencies of his condition in a different fashion from an Englishman; so this is our mutual friend, Robinson, with many variations. Robin Jouet is more deft and clever with his hands, more active, much more gay, spirited, and ingenious, especially in his cooking; but he has not the charm of our own beloved Crusoe he has not the calm reliance on Providence, nor the strong, reverent religious feeling, which characterizes Defoe's creation. Robin Jouet is not so humane as Robinson; and though he too tames animals, we do not love them as we all love the parrot, the goats, and the dear dog. However, there is much interesting and useful information given about the unknown regions of South America, and there is a powerful account of an inundation of the sea by which the island is entirely washed away, with all its living creatures and the forests of massive trees which seemed strong enough to stand for ever. The adventures and escapes of Robin Jouet are marvellous, and the intention of the work is to call the attention of the French nation to the capabilities of Guyana for a French settlement. The illustrations are very clever, and the book is entertaining.

Cinderella: a Play in Rhyme for Children. By

M. M. With Illustrations. (Griffith & Farran.) IF children wish to act a fairy-tale, they may be safely trusted to make it out for themselves-not, perhaps, in rhyme, but in far better dialogue than is here given. The character of Cinderella is completely changed from the original, whom all children have loved and sympathized with from the earliest period to the present time; she is transformed into a vain, discontented girl, whom not even a fairy godmother could have transformed into any thing like a princess, for the Cinderella of this play is vulgar and commonplace; she repines at her condition, and longs for fine clothes; whereas the charm of the real Cinderella is that she was affectionate, sweet-tempered, and did her various hard tasks cheerfully. The illustrations are very poor, and the dear old Fairy Godmother is done away with altogether, her place being supplied by a fairy called "Kindness," for the pernicious reason that

some

Whate'er she touched was turned to gold;
Whene'er she gave, 'twas wealth untold.

We are vexed to see the real, beautiful old story
so much changed for the worse: if this "Play"
were not so clumsy, we should think it the work of
"bad fairy," who was envious.
The Silver Bells: an Allegory. Illustrated by
Arthur Hopkins. (Parker & Co.)
THIS is a short and not very pleasant allegory of
the dangers and temptations of the world to those
who know better, but who yield to them neverthe-
less. It is poor as a composition, and the illustra-
tions are ugly.

LIST OF NEW BOOKS. Theology.

Bagshaw's (Rev. J. B.) The Catechism Illustrated, cr. 8vo. 2 €
Blunt's Plain Account of the English Bible, cr. 8vo. 3/6 cl.
Bridge's Rev. C.) Letters to a Friend, 12mo. 2 d.
Burritt's Prayers and Devotional Meditations from Psalms, 2/
Fisher's Essays on the Supernatural Origin of Christianity, 14/
Graham's Lectures on St. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians, 7/6
Harrison's Original Sacred Melodies, with Music, 4to. 4 cl. gilt
Hyacinth's (Rev. Father) The Family and the Church, cr. 8vo. 7/
Murby's Scripture Manuals, Genesis, 18mo. 6d. cl. swd.
New Testament, Greek and English, in Parallel Columns, with
various Readings, 4to. hf.-bd. 10/6

Sacred Lays, by O. D., 18mo. 26 cl. gilt

Septuagint Version of the Old Testament, with English Translation and Notes, 4to. 24 hf.-bd. Law.

Pollock's and Nicol's Practice of the County Courts, 7th Edit.,32/
History.

Birkby's History of England, 12mo. 1/ cl.
Kaye's History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-8, Vol. 2, 20/
Richey's Lectures on the History of Ireland, 2nd series, 8/ cl.
Woodward's Hist. of Hampshire and Isle of Wight, 3 vols. 105/
Geography.

Bacon's War Map of Europe, 1/ swd.

Chambers's (W.) Wintering at Mentone, 12mo. 2/6 cl. Cruchley's New Map of the Seat of War in France and Prussia, plain 1/

Fiji and the Fijians, by Thomas Williams, 3rd edit. cr. 8vo. 6/
Heywood's Tourists' Guide to Inland Spas of England, 1/4
Kelly's P. O. Directory of Shropshire, Bristol, &c. roy. 8vo. 36/
Letts's General Map of the Seat of War, cr. 8vo. 1/ swd.
Lloyd's L.) Peasant Life in Sweden, illust. 8vo. 18/ cl.
M'Cleod's (W.) Atlas of Scripture Geography, new edit., 8vo. 2/6
Macgregor's (H.) 1,000 Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe, 6th edit., 26
Stanford's Map of the Seat of War, cr. 8vo. 1/ swd.
Ten Months' Tour in the East, by Albert de Burton, cr. 8vo. 10,6
Thacker's Map of the War, full coloured, cr. 8vo. 1/6 swd.
Trübner's Map of the Seat of War, coloured, 8vo. 1/6 swd.
Williams's (C. T.) Climate of the South of France, 2nd edit., 6/
Yeo's (J. B.) Notes of a Season at St. Maritz, cr. 8vo. 3/6 el.

Science.

Heat, a Mode of Motion, by John Tyndall, LL.D., 4th edit., 106
Henfrey's Elementary Botany, 2nd edit., by M. T. Masters, 126
Humber's (W.) Complete Treatise on Cast and Wrought Iron
Bridge Construction, 3rd edit., 115 Plates, 2 vols. 6l. 16s. 6d.
Pewtner's Comprehensive Specifier, edit. by W. Young, 12mo. 6/
General Literature.

Aunt Louisa's Alphabet Book, 4to. 5/ cl. gilt
Blades's (W.) How to tell a Caxton, 12mo. 4/ swd.
Catalogue (printed in fac-simile) of the Charles Dickens' Sale, 1/
Chambers's Miscellany, Vol. 10, 12mo. 1/ bds.

Chardenal's (C. A.) Second French Course, 12mo. 26 cl.
Colloquia Peripatetica, by the late John Duncan, 2nd edit., 3/6
Coloured Lithographic View of Müller's Orphan Houses,
Bristol, 2/

Cornwell's Spelling for Beginners, 12mo. 1/ cl.

Dickens's (Charles) Speeches, Literary and Social, cr. 8vo. 7/6 cL.
Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, Vol. 8, 4to. 7/6 cl. gilt
Indian Army and Civil Service List, July, 1870

Inward's (J.) Cruise of the Ringleader, cr. 8vo. 2/6 cl.
Ladies' Treasury, Vol. 8, new series, Jan. to June, 1870, 5/6
M'Coll's (Rev. M.) The Ammergau Passion Play, cr. 8vo. 2/6 cl.
Month (The), Vol. 12, 8vo. 8/ cl.

Practical Moral Lesson Book, edit. by Hole, Book 1, Part 1, 1/6
Queen's Taxes (The), by John Noble, 8vo. 7/6 cl.
Rattray's Round and Round and in the World, 2nd edit. 3/6 cl.
Selections from the Prose Works of John Milton, edited by
Rev. J. J. G. Graham, 8vo. 12/ cl.
Sketches from the Border Land, or a Daughter of England, 2/6

DANTE ALLIGHIERI IN THE CASTLE OF LIZZANA.

ABOUT two miles from the romantic town of

Roveredo, on the post-road from thence to Verona, passing through the Val Lagarina by the course of the winding Adige, rises an abrupt and precipitous mass of limestone, which, on one side, seems to have been violently separated from the strata in its neighbourhood; on the other, sinks down by a gradual declivity towards the general level. On the slope of this rock, high above the road, are a few courses of an old wall of rough but regular masonry; they measure about 15 feet in length by 12 in height, and are partly screened by trees: these are the last remains of a once famous castle in which, in the early part of the fourteenth century, Dante

Allighieri was an honoured guest.

is

The castle of Lizzana-for thus it is still called

believed to be as old as the conquest of the Romans, and to have been erected, probably, by the patrician family Licinia, from whom its name is thought to have been derived. In the time of the Lombards, it was held by Ragilone di Lagara. In 1014, the Emperor Henry the Second was entertained here on his way back to Germany. In the twelfth century, the Guelph Jacopino, Count of Lizzana and lord of Roveredo, resided here: he was overpowered by the Ghibellines, but subsequently returned to the castle, and became Seignor of all the valley of Lagaro. On his death, the lordship passed, by the marriage of his daughter and sole heir, into the noble family of Castelbarco. There, from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, the Counts of Castelbarco held their brilliant courts

The Venetians, in 1439, put an end to them and to the castle at the same time. The republic occupied Roveredo, and, desirous to obtain Lizzana, accused the Count, who then possessed it, of bad faith-a vulgar trick of tyrants in all ages. To the meek remonstrance of the Count, the Venetians replied with their artillery; and the venerable castle never recovered from the rough treatment it then received. The Counts of Castelbarco, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, were intimately connected with the reigning lords of Verona. Guglielmo da Castelbarco was the chief friend of Alberto della Scala, who succeeded his brother Mastino as ruler of Verona in 1277. In 1285, Guglielmo was appointed by Alberto Podestà of Verona, in 1288 he was re-elected, and confirmed again in the office in 1289; in 1300 Alberto appointed him his vicar in the valleys of the Giudicarie, -in 1302, at the urgent desire of the Bishop of Trent, he went to Verona to endeavour to negotiate 2 peace with Bartolomeo della Scala, the eldest son and successor of Alberto, and by his personal influence with the Scaligeri, and his courteous and amiable manners, accomplished a difficult and delicate undertaking, much to the satisfaction of the pugnacious prelate, who sorely repented him, says the historian Girolamo dalla Corte, of the turmoil and contests he had excited. On the death of Bartolomeo della Scala, in 1304, his brother Alboino succeeded him, and, four years later, at his particular desire, his younger brother, Can Francesco, better known as Can Grande, was joined with him in authority. Alboino was of a meek and timid spirit, and much averse to military pursuits, in which his younger brother delighted. It is highly probable that, even before this, Can Grande had been of much assistance to Alboino, and had made his influence felt at court. By both of them Gugfielmo da Castelbarco was held in the highest esteem; he was, we are told by Dalla Corte, their chief councillor, and no undertaking of importance was engaged in, no decision come to, without first taking his advice. When in Verona, the Count was probably an inmate of the palace of the Scaligeri, and there made, as circumstances would show, the acquaintance and friendship of the exiled poet.

At what precise period, however, Dante availed himself of the invitation of Guglielmo to visit him in his castle of Lizzana, cannot be fixed with such chronological accuracy as some other of the poet's whereabouts, and depends on a previous question, on which his biographers have been much divided, as to when it was that Dante came to regard Verona as his second home. In all probability, this was not till after the capitulation of the chiefs of the Bianchi and their Ghibelline friends in the castle

of Montaccianico, in Mugello, in the summer of 1306. Up to this time Dante had lived in hope of restoration to Florence by force of arms or political changes, and moved about with a sort of ubiquity, being found wherever his personal influence might help to promote his object. But after this capitulation, his honour and his interests would dictate another course; and then Verona became his chief estello. Yet there is satisfactory historical evidence to show that he had visited the Scaligeri before this period, and may have made some sojourn at their court. In 1308-9 Dante left Italy for France, and remained abroad about two years, visiting Belgium, and probably England, and returning back through Germany. We may trace his footsteps in the cantos of his Divina Commedia. His visit to the castle of Lizzana and the Val Lagarina may have been between 1304 and 1306, or after that, but before 1308. It does not appear that he was asked to sign as a witness any document on the occasion, to which reference might afterwards be made: he did not write his name on any piece of perishable parchment, nor did he carve his initials on the crumbling surface of the limestone rock; but he did what was much more enduring: he left an everlasting record of his visit in the imperishable verses of his divine poem. His graphic description, in few words, of the Slavino di Marco, as seen from the summit of the slope on which the remains of the castle of Lizzana stand, attest his presence here, and will, so long as Italy shall last.

From no other site than this commanding point of view can the astonished visitor survey the stupendous ruin of the limestone strata, and take in at a glance all the features which Dante has so artistically described (see the twelfth canto of the Inferno, verses 4-10). The authority of chroniclers and local historians, and the traditions of the neighbourhood, however well authenticated, might, perhaps, be disputed, but Dante's own record supersedes them all.

The Castle of Lizzana could once accommodate a garrison of five hundred men, but its defenders have now dwindled down to two or three farmservants only; yet, on visiting the castle last autumn, I found the place still almost impregnable, and after having battered away on the wooden gates with a heavy stone for nearly half-an-hour, I should have been forced to raise the siege, had not an active and obliging lad who was tending sheep on the green hill-side volunteered to scale the outer wall and surprise the guards within, which he did, when one of them came and opened the gates. From Roveredo it is a pleasant walk to this interesting relic in the Val Lagarina; we follow the main road as far as the Madonna del Monte, and then strike off to the left hand by the path which skirts along the side of the hill, gradually ascending till we reach the Castle.

Guglielmo da Castelbarco was a generous-minded and benevolent man, and there was much in his character to entitle him to the esteem of Dante. He was also a liberal benefactor to Verona. In 1307 he began to erect, at his own expense, the magnificent church of S. Anastasia, and the convent at the side. In 1313 he undertook to rebuild the Monastery of the Saints Fermo and Rustico.

English visitors to Verona are, for the most part, familiar with the last memorial of this exemplary Count, the elegant monument over the entrance to the Convent in front of the Albergo delle Due Torri; it consists of a sarcophagus beneath a semigothic canopy, after the Veronese fashion: on the sarcophagus is a reclining figure, which the guidebooks pass over irreverently as scarcely worth noticing; but those who love to cherish the memory of the good and great will gaze on the marble effigy with devout interest when they remember that the recumbent figure represents the noble Guglielmo da Castelbarco, once the friend of Dante Allighieri.

H. C. BARLOW.

WINER'S GREEK GRAMMAR.

Edinburgh, July 15, 1870.

A PARAGRAPH in last week's Athenæum regarding the edition of Winer's Grammar of the New Testament,' edited by Prof. Moulton, and published by me, and that edited by Prof. Thayer, of Andover, seems to demand an explanation from me.

1st. Prof. Thayer, who is a personal friend, and

whose merit I would be the last to depreciate, has published in Andover an edition of Winer which is avowedly a reprint of Masson's edition of that work (which is published by my firm), although no doubt with many improvements. So clearly is this the case, that it cannot be legally imported into this country.

freedom to use any of Prof. Lünemann's Notes; and now, as the question has been raised, we will allow people to judge for themselves as to the value to be given to these, by issuing them separately to purchasers of our edition. It will then be seen that they are comprised in very small compass indeed, and that Prof. Moulton has done for Winer what that great man would have been the first to acknowledge had not been done for him by Prof. Lünemann.

I make no observations on your criticism of Prof. Moulton's Winer, but as the blame, if blame there be, should rest on the right shoulders, I must in this case take the entire responsibility, and I believe that in the judgment of our best scholars I will be found to have made no mistake.

THOMAS CLARK.

**We need only repeat, that if "no question of copyright remained," it is curious that Mr. Moulton should in his preface say "he was not at liberty to make use of the additions" left by Winer. We do not share Mr. Clark's low opinion of Prof. Lünemann, and believe him to be ill advised when he flatly contradicts that eminent scholar by saying that Winer's own corrections are scanty, when Prof. L. characterizes them as numerous. A separate issue of Lünemann's notes will not show the real improvements in his edition as long as Winer's last corrections, which are incorporated without distinction, are left out of sight. We are glad that something is to be done to improve Mr. Moulton's translation. It needs improvement in various respects. Whether Prof. Thayer's edition of Winer, published at Andover, be an avowed reprint of Masson's edition, will be seen hereafter. Meantime we have some doubts on the point.

PARIS JOURNALS.

THE number of journals published in Paris is said to be 962, of which 90 are religious, viz., 62 Roman Catholic; 25 Protestant; and 3 Jewish; the rest are described as follows:--48 treat of

jurisprudence ; 25 are administrative; 35 political; 45 devoted to political economy; 47 commercial; 58 medical; 40 devoted to the natural sciences, physics, and mathematics; 32 to agriculture and the veterinary art; 10 to horticulture and arboriculture; 20 to military matters; 12 to naval and colonial affairs; 24 to history, geography, heraldry, &c.; 65 to painting, sculpture, music, and the theatres; 9 to architecture; 19 to archæology, numismatics, and industrial art; 29 to railways, civil engineering, and mining; 28 to finance and the bourse; 65 to technology and popular science; 86 are called literary journals, which means popular miscellanies, as no literary journal proper exists in Paris; 35 publications for the special use of ladies and families; 65 devoted to female fashions and ladies' work; 25 that treat of the breading of horses, and sports of all kinds; 5 organs of freemasonry; 5 of spiritualism, and 2 are bibliographical journals.

RARE AND CURIOUS BOOKS.

THE sale of the fifth portion of the Rev. T. Corser's fine library, comprising an important series 2nd. When I engaged Prof. Moulton to edit a of Early English Poetry, Romances, early Typonew edition of Winer especially adapted for Eng-graphy, &c., was concluded last week at the rooms lish students, I did not do so without the most of Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge. Among perfect confidence in his scholarship and skill, and them were, Davies's Wittes Pilgrimage, 18.when the edition of Lünemann appeared, it became Oxford Drollery, 1671, 7l. 5s.—Elviden (E.) A Newea question whether use should be made of it, or yeres Gift to the Rebellious Persons in the North whether Mr. Moulton should adhere to the last Partes of England, 1570, 321.-The Example of edition published during Winer's life. On exami- Euyll Tongues, by Wynkyn de Worde, 50l. 10s.— nation it was found that Winer's own corrections Fisher's Treatyse concernynge the Fruytful Saynges were so scanty that it became merely a question of Davyd the Kynge, by Wynkyn de Worde, 1509, whether the English editor, untrammelled by the 221. 10s.-Gosson's Schoole of Abuse (imperfect), German editor, would not make a better book for 117. 11s.-Gualter's Antichrist, 1556, 11-HarEnglish readers-that, in short, it was no question man's Caveat for Commen Cursetors, vulgarely between a man like Winer and his English editor, called Vagabones, 1567, 55l. 10s.-Herrick's Hesbut between Lünemann and Moulton; and as the perides, 11.-Joy of Tears, 1635, 147.-A Goodly decision lay with me, I resolved to give Mr. Moul- Dyalogue betwene Knowledge and Symplicitie, ton full freedom, and the result has been just what 137.-Licia, or Poems of Love, 1593, 321. 10s.I expected. Lodge's Fig for Momus, 1595, 191.-The iiii Leues of the True Loue, by Wynkyn de Worde, 841.Lydgate's Lyf of oure Lady, MS., 461.-Mancinus,

Long before Mr. Moulton's edition was ready no question of copyright remained, and we had perfect

first to suggest the formation of the Institution. The suggestion was taken up by Mr. James Spedding, Mr. John Forster, and Mr. W. D. Christie, the last of whom laboured assiduously to promote the success of the undertaking. The office of Trustee, rendered vacant by Lord Clarendon's death, has been accepted by Lord Lyttelton.

SOME notices of the Stepney Family have just appeared in a small impression for private circulation. The most remarkable fact relating to the Stepneys, apart from their connexion with George Stepney, poet and diplomatist, is their relationship to Van Dyck the painter, and their descent through his wife, Mary Ruthven, from the Ruthvens, Earls of Gowrie, who played so conspicuous a part in Scottish history, in the time of James the Sixth, Elizabeth's successor on the throne of England.

THE obituary of the week contains the name of Mr. B. B. Örridge, the well-known author of several works illustrative of the ancient history of London and its citizens. Mr. Orridge devoted much time and labour to his favourite study.

MR. J. PAYNE COLLIER requests us to state, that as he is leaving Maidenhead for a few weeks, he wishes that no letters, relating to his Reprints, should be sent to him until September.

THE Grenzboten for June 24, contained a

warm tribute to the memory of the late Mr.

Dickens, by the editor, Herr G. Freytag, the celebrated novelist. The Pickwick Papers,' he says, emancipated the German mind from the predominating influence of French fiction, and had a most powerful and healthy influence on German literature. Mr. Dickens's writings, he adds, have done much to awaken in Germany a kindly feeling towards England and English

men.

CONSCIENTIOUS workers in the field of letters are in these days rewarded by an admission more or less prompt into the cosmopolitan republic through translation. Mr. Smiles's Huguenots' in French, is announced by Cherbuliez, of Paris, with a preface by Athanase Coqueril fils. An Italian version of the same author's Lives of Boulton and Watt,'

is about to be published by Treves, of Milan, who has already sent forth five editions of the Italian translation of 'Self-Help.'

romance of Troie.

WE are glad to find that the Journal of Philology writes Vergil for Virgil, a praiseworthy innovation, which Prof. Conington declined to follow Ladewig in adopting.

AMONGST recent works on Dante, published in Germany, are-Prof. Karl Witte's 'Forschungen,' a collection of interesting essays on Dante, written at various times for the periodical press, and now first brought together by the author. The second part of the 'Jahrbuch der deutschen Dante-Gesellschaft,' amongst other papers, contains the following articles:

'On the Animal World in the Divina Com

media,' by Karl Witte; The Vision of the

Terrestrial Paradise, and Biblical Revelation,'

by J. A. Scartazzini; The Use which Dante made of the Storie Fiorentine of the Malespini,' by Arnold Busson; 'A Dante Codice at the Cape of Good Hope,' by H. Grieber; The Matelda of Dante,' written in English by Dr. Barlow; and Michelangelo and Dante,' by M. Carrière. The many questions ably discussed in the Jahrbuch' render it a most useful addition to Dante literature.

CAPT. ERHARD, of the Bavarian Army, has published the first volume of an elaborate military history of the Palatinate, Franconia, Suabia and Bavaria. Parts of these countries at least are likely to be again the battle-ground of Europe.

THE Historical and Archæological Society of the Duchy of Limburg continues to publish its yearly Transactions in a goodly volume in

French.

A NEW English paper has been started at Shanghae in China and called the Cycle. It is charged with representing the antiprogressive party.

SCIENCE

sense.

The Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club has long been known as deserving the character we have assigned to it, and the present portion of its transactions is fully calculated to uphold its prestige. It contains reports of much interest and fullness on the meteorology and climatology of this extensive and varied district by the Rev. R. F. Wheeler, which are so

elaborately and judiciously worked out that they may be taken as a model by all local observers of such matters. There are also papers on many subjects of interest in natural history, both fossil and recent. 'On the Species of Ctenodus found in the Two Counties and On the Remains of some Reptiles and Fishes from the Coal Fields of Northumberland,' by Messrs. Albany Hancock and Atthey,

On the Crustacea of the Salt Marshes,' by G. S. Brady,-On the Aculeate Hymenoptera,' by Mr. Bold,-Entomological Notes for the Year 1868,' by the same,-On some rare Birds recently found,' by Lord Ravensworth,and the President's Annual Address, giving a summary of the work of the past year. But the paper which will probably excite the greatest interest in the general reader is one entitled 'An Inquiry into the Origin of certain Terrace Slopes in North Tynedale,' by the Rev. G. R.

Hall. The occurrence of similar terraces in various places in Great Britain and other parts of the world has given rise to much discussion and to the enunciation of various theories as to their origin; and their existence in several localities within the district subjected to the investigation of Mr. Hall has afforded him a favourable opportunity of arriving at a reasonable and probable solution of the ques tion. "Different observers-the geologist, the military engineer, the practical agriculturist, and the archæologist have reviewed them from their own particular stand-point, and, as might be expected, have traced their formation to various and widely different agencies." Setting aside such instances as the parallel shelves or gradations in the scale of magnitude of the celebrated parallel roads of Glen Roy, respecting which the author observes that "there can be no doubt in any mind that the mighty forces of Nature alone have been operative in producing them, and that the supposition of man's handiwork is entirely put out of court," he proceeds to consider the primary question as to the origin of those examples which form the