On 23 November :-
:-

"The standing in state" and the delay are displayed on the car over the image; that explained by the removal of the "bed of is to say, a white satin banner exhibiting state" to the Abbey. This exhibition Cromwell's arms, with the royal crown of excited the wrath of the Puritans to such England emblazoned over them. In imitaan extent that, as Ludlow says, mud was tion of the custom at royal funerals the boys thrown on the escutcheon placed outside of Westminster School had been drawn up Somerset House. at the entrance to the Abbey. One of them, afterwards the Rev. Robert Uvedale, LL.D., rushed forward, tore the offending banner from its place, and, aided by the evening gloom, safely beat his retreat with his booty. Dr. Uvedale afterwards had the banner framed, with a long Latin inscription on its back, which is set out in The Gentleman's Magazine for 1792, p. 114. There is an illustration of this banner with its further history in Lady F. P. Verney's 'Memoirs of the Verney Family during the Civil War' (vol. iii. p. 424).

"The effigies of his highness standing under a rich cloth of state, having been beheld by those persons of honour and quality which came to attend it, was afterwards removed and placed upon a herse richly adorned and set forth with escutcheons and other ornaments, the effigies itself being vested with Royal robes, a scepter in one hand, a globe in the other, and a Crown on the head. After it had been a while thus placed in the middle of the room, when the time came that it was to be removed into the carriage, it was carried on the herse by ten of the gentlemen of his highness forth into the Court, where a canopy of state very rich was borne over it by six other gentlemen of his highness till it was brought and placed on the carriage."-Mercurius Politicus,

18-25 Nov., 1658.

The Commonwealth Mercury, cited by Dean Stanley in his Memorials of Westminster Abbey' when describing this funeral, should be dismissed. It is a clumsy modern forgery, condemned by its very title.

There is no mention of Cromwell's body in this account of the procession, and the In the Abbey, when the image was placed state of mind of the Puritans themselves on the bed of state, there were no prayers, about this display may be seen from a sermon, or funeral oration, says the French tract (by Edward Burrough, the Quaker) ambassador, M. de Bordeaux (Guizot's entitled "A testimony against a great Richard Cromwell,' vol. i. p. 268). Candles idolatry committed. And a true mourning had been forgotten, so after the trumpets of the Lords servant upon the many con- had sounded a while, every one went home siderations of his heart upon that occasion in no particular order. of the great stir about an image made and carryed from one place to another, happening the 23 day of the ninth month. By

E. B." This tract states :

"Certainly all the people in the nation that fear God will be offended and judge in their hearts such work-the framing of an image, and sounding trumpets and beating drums before it, and clothing horses in mourning, and trayling their pikes, and even the very honourable of the nation clad in mourning and following the image. And all this stir and cost and preparation for many weeks beforehand, and such decking in mourning attire of great and noble men, and all but to accompany an image from one place to another. Whereby people are deceived who might look upon it to be the burial of Oliver protector, when as it was but an image made by hands and decked and trimmed in a vain manner as if it had been some poppet play, which if it had been indeed his bones they had accompanied to the grave in such a manner, that had been less condemnable, and I should not have had aught against it, but for the wise men in the nation to be chiefe in these things and to exercise themselves in such folly and vanity, this grieves the righteous soul."

When the image was carried into the Abbey, the car underwent a public insult which the newsbooks do not record. What was known as a Majesty scutcheon was

The image remained on the site of the high altar until Cromwell's monument was completed. A pamphlet entitled 'Eighteen

New Court Queries ' (26 May, 1659) includes the following inquiries on the subject:

"Whether the old protector's cradles standing in Westminster Abbey in the same place where the High Altar; or, Communion table, formerly stood is not the setting up of one superstition where another superstition (as 'twas termed) was pull'd down. And whether the effigies while it was there might not be call'd, without any abuse of Scripture, the abomination of desolation in the Holy Place?"

Cromwell's monument was erected in Henry VII.'s Chapel, and was, no doubt, the cause of the mutilation of the chapels to the extreme east. There appears to be no engraving of it extant, probably because it was destroyed almost as soon as it was completed. An engraving of Cromwell's image, standing under a canopy surrounded by numerous lighted tapers, is prefixed to a small octavo tract entitled "The Pourtraiture of his Royal Highness Oliver, late Lord Protector, &c., in his life and death. With a short view of his government, as also a description of his standing and lying in

11 S. IV. AUG. 5, 1911.]

105

state at Sommerset House, and the manner to others also. It is mentioned by a cele-
of his funeral solemnity on Tuesday, Novem- brated Scotsman, and comes well accredited.
ber 23," printed by T. N. for Edward When Dr. Chalmers was staying at Earlham
anti-Scottish
Thomas, 1659 (British Museum, press-mark in Norfolk, the seat of Mr. Joseph John
of Johnsonian
1093, c. 51). The illustration justifies the Gurney, in 1833, he mentioned this caustic
idol." The specimen
description of the image as an
same tract was also published as a broadside humour :-
by the same publisher in 1658, with five other
engravings and a portrait. One of these
engravings depicts the lying in state of the
image, and another shows it in the car on its
way to the Abbey. The title of the broad-
A brief chronology of the most
side is
remarkable passages and transactions," &c.
(British Museum, press-mark 816. m. 1. (92).).
J. B. WILLIAMS.

(To be continued).

THE POPE'S POSITION AT HOLY COMMUNION.-At p. 81 of the third edition of my 'Parochial Ecclesiastical Law of Scotland' (1901) I quoted from Shepherd's Critical and Practical Elucidation of the Book of Common Prayer,' vol. ii. p. 219, "It is the singular privilege of the Pope, when he performs the office of consecration, to communicate sitting," and I added this comment :

"The writer has not been able to find corroboration of this statement, but it is believed that it either does, or did, record a fact indicative of the adherence to primitive usage, which is often found imbedded in the kernel of Roman ceremonial." My book has recently been read in Rome by a very distinguished Roman ecclesiastic, who has been good enough to write to me as follows:

66 Rome, 20 June, 1911...... "Referring to note 1, p. 81, the Holy Father, not at low Mass, when he frequently distributes Holy Communion to those who may be privileged to assist, but at a Great Papal Mass in St. Peter's, when he only communicates along with the deacon of the Mass, receives sitting, not at the altar, but sitting on the throne which is placed in front of the Altar of the Chair, at the extremity of the apse, and therefore at a considerable distance from the altar at which he consecrates. I need not add that I speak from personal observation, having seen this

over and over again."

It will be observed that Shepherd is not
wrong as to the fact, but the inference which
might be made as to the Pope sitting at
the altar of consecration would be incorrect.
WILLIAM GEORGE BLACK.

Ramoyle, Dowanhill, Glasgow.

DR. JOHNSON IN SCOTLAND.-I have not met this highly characteristic anecdote of the great lexicographer in any other book than the one I quote from, so it may be new

"When Johnson was at St. Andrews, the pro-
fessors invited him to a sumptuous entertainment.
Johnson ate his dinner in silence, and all seemed
length, in the hope of banishing the awkwardness
awed by the presence of the mighty stranger. At
of this ill-timed solemnity, one of the professors
'Sir,' replied Johnson, I did not
exclaimed, Dr. Johnson, I hope you have made a
good dinner.'
dinners, but to see savage men and savage manners,
come into Scotland to be entertained with good
and I have not been disappointed.' This surely
was the speech of a far greater barbarian than any
whom he was addressing."- 'Memoirs of Bishop
Bathurst,' by Mrs. Thistlethwayte, 1853, p. 508.
D. J.

that

66

as

WILLIAM ASHBY, AMBASSADOR TO SCOTresident 1588, in June, Scotland A brief biographical LAND 1588-90.-Ashby was dispatched to ambassador there. notice of him appears in Cooper's Ath. his death occurred in Jan., 1589/90, Cantab., II. 79-80, where it is stated on his return from his embassy, as there is a letter from him to Lord Burghley of William Ashby (no The will dated Morpeth on the 9th of that month." He, however, did not die at that particular description), signed 22 Dec., 1593, he being date. After bequests then "weak of body," was proved six days later, on 28 Dec., 1593. Ashby, son of said William, and to cousins to cousin William Ashby and to William George Ashby of Quenby and Ursula several to have been Ashby, he appoints Robert Naunton, “my There appear sister's son," residuary legatee and executor. the wellWilliam Ashbys flourishing at the period, It is but the mention of the Robert Naunton - afterwards known Secretary of State-fixes the identity of the testator as the ambassador. his ambassadorship (probably through illobvious, therefore, that Ashby retired from He was M.P. for Grantham ness) in January, 1590, returned home, and December, 1593. died about three years afterwards, in William Ashby represented Another in the Parliament of 1586-7. Chichester in 1593-7. Like his namesake, he was employed in the affairs of Scotland, though on minor service only. I am unable definitely to establish the cousinship between him and the ambassador.

"sister's son

W. D. PINK,

CELTIC LEGEND OF THE CRUCIFIXION.- philologists to have produced the modern "The following extract from Mr. George word from the Algonquin forms turebe, Henderson's recently published Survivals tulpe, and the like, by some hitherto unin Belief among the Celts' seems worth a explained philological process. corner in N. & Q.' :

"It is not right for a woman to try and kindle the fire by fanning it with the skirt of her dress. The reason is that when our Lord was going to be nailed to the Cross, and the nails were being got ready, the smith's bellows refused to work, and the smith's daughter fanned the fire with her skirt." HERBERT B. CLAYTON. 39, Renfrew Road, Lower Kennington Lane.

AT

CHARLES GOUNOD AND ALPHONSE KARR SAINT RAPHAËL.-Outside the little town of Saint Raphaël (Var), on the road near the sea going eastwards, is a picturesque villa called "Oustalet doù Capelan." On the dexter gatepost is a marble tablet with the following inscription in capital letters (no accents) :

L'illustre maitre Ch. Gounod
composa Romeo et Juliette
a l'Oustalet dou Capelan

au printemps de 1866

What happened I believe was this: the Spanish conquerors of the New World, hearing the American species of coast and land turtle denominated turube and torope, and noting the creature's panoplied appearance when in a quiescent state, likened that slow-moving, but sagacious reptile, whose flesh they soon learned to appreciate, to the new military construction or fortified mound known as terre-plein (Lat. terra + planus), which according to Littré was first adopted in the sixteenth century, and proceeded to mould or model the barbaric root into the Spanish terraplen, which through familiar usage soon discarded the letter l. Compare the origin of the name "canvasback duck." Otherwise it seems hardly conceivable that from such barren sources as those the Algonquin language supplies, a word of such finished and exquisite development as terrapin could have

Underneath, written in black pencil or char- actually been fashioned. N. W. HILL. coal on the plaster, one reads:

These written lines have been carefully covered with a piece of glass.

On the other gatepost is the following in capital letters, with most or all of the accents: Le père Lebonnard

représenté à la Comédie Française
le 4 Août 1904

lu chez Alphonse Karr à Maison-close
le 26 Avril 1886

fut écrit en 1885 a l'Oustalet

This is, I think, engraved on white marble, where also appears the name of the house engraved in writing letters.

The house called Maison-close, where Alphonse Karr lived, is a few yards further east, on the other-the land-side of the road. On the same road, but in or on the edge of the town, is his monument, a big bronze head or bust on a tall roughhewn stone pedestal.

ROBERT PIERPOINT.

TERRAPIN": A PROPOSED ETYMOLOGY. -Writing of the derivation of this word at 10 S. vi. 185, the late JAMES PLATT observed: "The real difficulty is to account for the modern form of the word with final -in." The Cent. Dict.' cites terapin, terrapene, and turpin as former variants; and these are generally supposed by American

New York.

EARLY PRINTED BOOK IN SUFFOLK.which seems to deserve a corner in N. & Q.,' Recently I came across in a will a paragraph

and forms a suitable addition to the note on Books in Wills' at 11 S. i. 383.

John Apsley of Thackham, Suffolk, by will dated 14 May, 1507, leaves to the parish church of Thackham "a mass book emprinted the which they have, and a fayre grayle the which my fader did make. [30 Adeane]." It would be presumptuous for me to indulge in a history of printing, but this seems an early specimen. I have consulted Arbuthnot, 'Mysteries of Chronology,' p. 34, also Putnam, 'Books and their Makers in the Middle Ages,' vol. i. pp. 369, 373, 380, 389, which enable me to make a few conjectures; but beyond conjecture I cannot go. However, whether the Missal was printed abroad or in England, it was an early example. A. RHODES.

Queries.

We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that answers may be sent to them direct.

"THE KING'S TURNSPIT IS A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT."-Noting the telling phrase of Edmund Burke (four times repeated) in his great speech on Economical Reform delivered on 11 February, 1780, as to the difficulty of getting reforms carried out because the turnspit in the King's kitchen was a Member of Parliament," I looked up the origin of this phrase in a speech made on the 16th of April, 1777, by Earl Talbot, then Lord Steward of the Household. Lord Talbot was on that occasion referring to his attempted reform of putting some of the Royal Household on board wages, and

said :

next page he relates the following anecdote of him :

"When he was at school in Trim he must have been a very little boy, for one of his schoolfellows told me that when Crosbie-afterwards Sir Edward, of balloon notoriety-had climbed to the top of the Yellow Steeple, and had thrown down his will, disposing of his game cocks and other boyish valuables in case he should be killed in coming found that nothing had been left to him." down, the future Iron Duke began to cry when he

The story appears authentic and circumstantial, and is supported by local tradition, which seems to have always unhesitatingly

held that the Duke was first educated at

that school. That his eldest brother, the
Marquess Wellesley, began his education at
a private school in Trim is stated in the
D.N.B.' He was born in 1760, the Duke
in 1769, and it is, perhaps, just possible
(though the suggestion is prompted merely by
a desire to sift out the truth of the matter)
that the story related above should refer
to the elder brother, Richard Wesley or
Wellesley. Edward Crosbie would seem,
at least, to have been nearer the age of
Richard than Arthur Wesley, if he made
his first balloon ascent on 19 January,
1785, as
Britannica' under Aeronautics.'
stated in The Encyclopædia

"I can better explain my meaning by adverting to a single circumstance, which will show how difficult it is to reform the menial servants of His Majesty's household, when the profits are enjoyed by persons of a certain rank and service employed by another. The fact I allude to is, that one of the turnspits in His Majesty's Kitchen was, and I believe still is, a member of the other House. The poor man who But however that may be, Dean Butler's had performed the duty had £5 a year for his story and the long-standing local tradition trouble."-- Parliamentary Register, 1777,' p. 79. supply good ground for the belief that If there is any summary account in print A. Wesley," like his eldest brother, began of the nature and profits of the various his education at the same private school sinecure offices in the gift of the Govern- in Trim. Can any reader of 'N. & Q.' ment of the day in the reign of George III., further elucidate this matter? I shall be obliged by a reference to it. ERNEST CLARKE.

31, Tavistock Square, W.C.

THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON'S FIRST SCHOOL.-Where did Arthur Wesley (as the future duke spelt his name till 1798) first go to school? Sir Herbert Maxwell in his Life of Wellington,' vol. i. p. 4 (1900), states that he was sent first, "it is believed, to a private school at Chelsea, whence he went to Eton." The statement accords with that in some other biographies, and also with the 'D.N.B.' But scarce as the records of the Duke's boyhood may be, it is perhaps a question whether something further could not have been ascertained about it and related with interest.

Dean Butler, who for 43 years (1819-62) was Vicar of Trim, co. Meath, mentions in his Trim Castle (fourth edition, 1861, p. 60) that a house called "Talbot's Castle' in Trim "was the place of the early education of the Duke of Wellington," and on the

R. E. E. CHAMBERS.

CAMPBELL'S NAPOLEON AND THE ENGLISH SAILOR.'-Most of those who have read Campbell's poems will remember a small one under the above title. The author, I believe, says he got the story from both an English and a French source. But is there any satisfactory evidence of its truth? W. T. LYNN.

Blackheath.

CAPT. DENNIS MAHONY: CAPT. STRICKLAND KINGSTON.-Can any of your readers inform me whether the Capt. Mahony who wrote On Singhala or Ceylon, and the Doctrines of Buddha from the Books of the Singhalais,' in 'Asiatic Researches,' vol. viii. (1801), was the Capt. Dennis Mahony of the 1st Regiment, Native Infantry, who died on 13 December, 1813, at Broach (East India Register)?

To what corps did Capt. Strickland Kingston, who was Paymaster and Commissary of