ceremony.

There are two contemporary statements on the subject which should place the matter beyond dispute. The first is a letter from Lady Hobart, quoted by Lady F. P. Verney in her 'Memoirs of the Verney Family during the Civil War' (vol. iii. p. 422). Lady Hobart's letter is undated, but states: My lord protector's body was Bered last night at one o-clock very privittly & tis thought that will be [no] show at tall; the army dou bluster a letill. God send us pes for I dred a combustion." The reason for this secret burial is stated in the MSS. of the Rev. John Prestwich, Puritan Fellow of All Souls. Prestwich was one of the Fellows of All Souls retained by the Parliamentary visitors in 1649. He died in 1679, aged 72, and is buried in the ante-chapel of his college. Copious extracts from his MSS. are printed in his descendant Sir John Prestwich's Respublica, published in 1787, from which I take the following (p. 172).

"sickened After stating that Cromwell of a bastard tertian," the Rev. John Prestwich continues. He died

"on Friday, the third of September, at three of the clock in the afternoon in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred and fifty eight. His body presently after his expiration was washed and laid out; and being opened was embalmed and wrapped in a sere cloth six double and put into an inner sheer of lead, inclosed in an elegant coffin of the choicest wood. Owing to the disease he died of, which, by the bye, appeared to be that of poison, his body, although thus bound up and laid in the coffin, swelled and bursted, from whence came such filth that raised such a deadly and noisome stink that it was found prudent to bury him immediately, which was done in as private -a manner as possible. For the solemnization of the funeral no less than the sum of sixty thousand pounds was allotted to defray the expense. The corpse being thus buried, by reason of the great stench therof, a rich coffin of state was on the 26th of September, about ten at night, privately removed from Whitehall in a mourning hearse, attended by his domestic servants to Somerset House in the Strand, where it remained private for some days till all things were prepared for public view, which being accomplished the effigy of his highness was, with great state and magnificence, exposed openly."

This gruesome account is corroborated in most details by Dr. George Bate in his 'Elenchus,' and it must be borne in mind that both the Prestwiches were strong partisans of Cromwell. A charge of poisoning Cromwell was brought against Sir Samuel Morland by Sir Richard Willys in his autobiography, among the Restoration State Papers. It is also alluded to by Morland in his 'Breviate' of his life, among the

of the secret burial is to be found in the fact that the bi-weekly newsbook (Mercurius Politicus and The Publick Intelligencer) which gives the fullest accounts of the ceremonies after Cromwell's death never once mentions his body after 21 October. In all its subsequent descriptions it speaks of nothing but "the effigies.' Reticence about the cause of this sudden burial is explained by the fact that if it had been known, there would have been rejoicings by the Royalists, and the majority of the Puritans too. On the subject of the pretended removal of Cromwell's body to Somerset House, Marchamont Nedham writes as follows:

"Whitehall. Sept 20. This night the Corps of his late highness was removed hence in a private manner, being attended onely by his own servants.

.Two heralds or officers of arms went before

the body; which, being placed in a herse drawn by six horses, was conveyed to Somerset House where it rests for some daies more private, but afterwards will be exposed in state to publick view."-Mercurius Politicus, 16-23 Sept., 1658.

It never was exposed to public view, nor does Nedham afterwards venture to say that it was, and I believe his statement that the body was removed to have been a wilful falsehood. The discrepancy between the two dates is probably accounted for by Sir John Prestwich converting a naught into a six when copying the MS. J. B. WILLIAMS.

(To be continued.)

at Canterbury; and it is hoped that antiquaries will be able to add to the evidences and prove that the ancient kings resided at this spot in Fordwich, their park being within the parish, and the manor belonging to them. The upper road from Fordwich to Canterbury-some two miles-is known as the King's Street, while the existence of the King's Gate and King's Bridge at the entrance to Canterbury from Fordwich goes to support the belief that the kings had their palace in Fordwich before they had one in Canterbury. Plans of the discovered foundations and other details are being prepared, and I shall be glad to hear from any antiquaries interested. FRED. HITCHIN-KEMP. Clyderhous, 51, Vancouver Road,

Forest Hill, S.E.

AVIATION IN 1811.-In view of modern

determined attempts to conquer the air, the following, as quoted from The Observer of 9 June, 1811, may be worthy of record :

The act of moving in the air by means of wings continues to engage the attention of a number of persons in Germany. At Vienna, the watchmaker Degen....has recently taken several public flights in the Prater. At Berlin Claudius, a wealthy manufacturer of oil-cloth, is engaged in like pursuits. He rises in the air without difficulty, and can move in a direct line at the rate of four miles an hour....At Ulm a tailor named Berblinger announced that he had invented a machine in which he would rise in the air and fly twelve miles."

CECIL CLARKE.

Junior Athenæum Club. AVIATION IN 1911: THE TAXI-AERO.-The following extract from Le Temps, Paris, 16 May, deserves, I think, a place in ‘N. & Q.': AÉRONAUTIQUE.

Le Taxi-Aéro.

Cela devait arriver. Après le taxi-auto et imité de lui, la locomotion par l'aviation devait voir se créer le taxi-aéro, l'aéroplane de tout le monde-bientôt numéroté comme une automobile-qui, à tant le kilomètre ou la minute, emportera à cent à l'heure dans l'atmosphère le passager d'un moment ou le voyageur par trop pressé, mais peu encombré de bagages.

C'est de Suisse que nous vient la nouvelle, mais c'est une société française, la Compagnie transaérienne, qui la première a pris l'initiative de lancer le nouveau véhicule des invisibles routes

de l'air.

aient encore à se manifester pour arriver à déterminer le modèle définitif de l'aéroplane sans ment stable, facile au départ et sûr à l'atterrissage, danger ou à peu près, c'est-à-dire automatiquevoici que la confiance des constructeurs est cependant telle que déjà un service organisé va fonctionner pour donner M. Tout-le-Monde sa promenade en l'air.

sur toutes les plages à la mode, dans toutes les Aujourd'hui c'est à Lucerne, demain ce sera stations balnéaires, et peut-être l'an prochain aux portes de Paris.

La Compagnie transaérienne avait l'an dernier à Pau l'hiver et à Lucerne l'été. Nous avions installé des services d'excursion en dirigeable, ainsi les aérobus pour les transports en commun; nous avons maintenant le taxi-aéro pour les voyages individuels.

Et dans quelques années on trouvera cela tout naturel.

C. CAREY. SERJEANTS' INN: DINNER IN 1839.

As the last remains of Serjeant's Inn, Fleet Street, have so lately disappeared, the following account of a dinner there more ing to readers of N. & Q. It may be than 70 years ago will perhaps be interestobserved that many distinguished men were present on the occasion :

:

Thursday, June 6th, being

in Trinity Term, 1839.

On this day the Society gave a grand banquet to celebrate the completion of the improvement of the Inn commenced in the year 1836. Cards of invitation had been issued to those Peers whose ancestors had been elevated to the Peerage whilst members of the Society, and to other distinguished members of the Society now living. The party consisted of the Marquess Camden, Earls Hardwicke, Bathurst, Mansfield, Eldon and Lovelace, Viscount Lifford, Lords Kenyon, Ellenborough, Manners. Lyndhurst, Wynford and Tenterden, Sir William Alexander, Sir John Cross, the fifteen Judges, and fifteen Serjeants (Serjeants D'Oyley and Scriven being unable from indisposition). Excuses were received from Earls Mansfield, Rosslyn, Guilford, Winchelsea and Harrowby, Lords Walsingham, Alvanley and Gifford, Sir John Bayley, Sir Samuel Shepherd, Sir William Garron, Sir William Bolland and Sir John Richardson (of whom the five latter were prevented from attending by advanced age or indisposition; and the Lords Harrowby, WalLondon). singham, Alvanley and Gifford by absence from

Three tables were provided for the accommodation of the party. The three chiefs presided, and the guests were arranged according to their precedence, a peer and a member of the Inn alternately. The Hall was decorated with rich crimson cloth, and brilliantly illuminated by a profusion of lamps pendant from the walls, whilst large pier glasses fixed at the upper and lower ends of the hall gave great splendour to the scene. The portraits of Lord Camden and Chief Justice Willes (presented by the Court of Common Pleas at Westminster), of Lord Lyndhurst and Lord Denman (presented by their Lordships), of the late Earl of Eldon (presented

"Thomas Bullyn, Earl of Ormond and Wiltshire, who was a Knight of St. George and died in 1583, by Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas, then Earl of Surrey, but afterwards Duke of Norfolk, was father of George Bullyn, created in 1533 Viscount Rochford, who was beheaded on 17th May, 1536, on a charge of incestuous intercourse with his sister Queen Anne Bullyn. She was beheaded two days after her brother.

The writer in The Irish Penny Magazine says that Henry VIII. compelled the Earl of Ormond to resign his title in favour of Bullyn (2 Mageoghan's 'Ireland,' ii. 251), and the Earl afterwards assumed it when the house of Bullyn was attainted (ib., 303). This curious connexion of the Bulleyns with Ireland is interesting. The ladies therefore named on the Clongoony tomb, according to this genealogy, were second cousins of Queen Elizabeth, as George Bullyn, Viscount Rochford, was her uncle, and his son George her cousin. RICHARD J. KELLY.

10, Mountjoy Square, Dublin.

[See 11 S. iii. 134, 375.]

Queries.

WE must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that answers may be sent to them direct.

DR. FRANCIS E. SANKEY: DR. WOOLLEY. -On 9 July, 1856, at Valetta, Malta, Frances Sydney Sankey, eldest daughter of Dr. Sankey, married Capt. Robert Boyle, R.A., son of David Boyle and Catherine Campbell Smythe.

I wish information as to the maiden name, parentage, birthplace, and marriage of the wife of Dr F. E. Sankey. My information leads me to believe that she was married, between 1800 and 1811, at Charleston, South Carolina. Dr Sankey, I think, was at that time serving on a British frigate or ship of the line.

Mrs. Sankey had a sister, or half-sister, who was married, at the same place, near the same time, to a Dr. Woolley, also serving in a British ship of war.

Any information about either lady, by letter, or through the pages of N. & Q, would be most gratefully appreciated by me. WILLIAM HAYNE HALE.

Eagle Pass, Maverick Co., Texas.

Can N. & Q.' tell me what authority there is for the statement that mummies have been, when ground and mixed with poppy oil, used to produce a beautiful tint of brown ? GEORGE MCMURRAY. New York.

66

"BACKSEAT": "TAKE A BACK SEAT."The word "backseat" is not given in the N.E.D.,' Webster, nor, in fact, in any of the English dictionaries that I have been able to consult for the moment. MuretSanders has it with the translation "Rücksitz," and in the figurative sense, as an Americanism. But this idiom cannot be now restricted to America, as I read the other day in The Zoophilist: "Mrs. Anderson should be requested by the Suffragettes to take a back seat." May I ask what is the use, proper and figurative, and social status of the word? G. KRUEGER.

Berlin.

["Take a back seat" is included in the N.E.D.,' s..‘Seat,' sb., V. 27, “Phrases," c, and is described as originating in the United States. The first quotation is from Farmer's Slang Dictionary,' s v. Back Seat,' which attributes the popularity of the phrase to a saying of Andrew Johnson in 1868. It is now often used in journalism and conversation.]

"BAST."-The following sentence occurs in a telegram from Teheran which appeared in The Times on 12 June :—

take bast in the British Consulate as a protest "The original intention of the regiment was to against the Persian Government for leaving them unpaid."

What is the meaning of “taking bast"? A. L. MAYHEW. Oxford.

HENRY VII. AND MABUSE.-A print of the marriage of Henry VII. is marked "Mabuse pinxit. Le Coeur sculp." Where is this picture by Mabuse to be seen?

XYLOGRAPHER.

SKEAT ON DERIVATIONS.-Prof. Skeat, in, I think, one of his contributions to these columns, laid down the principle that when it is asserted that a certain word is derived from another because.... the statement is generally wrong. Can any one refer me to the passage? EMERITUS.

ST. COLUMB AND STRATTON ACCOUNTS.Two more queries suggest themselves (see 11 S. iii. 349, 412, 475) on the Elizabethan portion of the St. Columb accounts, which are of exceptional interest, and will be printed in the Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall for 1912, In the property

64

list is a Booke of the Paraphrasys of Erasmus." Would this be the edition of Udall's translation published in 1548/9 or that of 1551 ?

In the Stratton accounts (ed Peacock, Archæologia, xlvi.) we have in 1547 paid to Mr. Vicar for halfe part of a buck called Erasme vj." In those of St. Mary the Great at Cambridge in 1550 we find 'for dim' the paraffryeys of Erasmy v vjd." Was this the first volume containing the Gospels, or what? Was the purchase of half deemed a compliance with the injunc

tions of 1547 ?

In 1601 there appear amongst the books of the parish (no distinction was drawn between church and parish) one booke called Cesar's Dyologe, one new booke of prayer for the fastinge and cominge to Churche on the Wednesday, one booke of Articles." I shall be grateful for identification of these, especially Cesar's Dyologe.' Was it some work by Sir Julius Cæsar?

66

I take this opportunity of suggesting that the Stratton entry in 1566, payd for peteres fethings at the visitation xvjd,” refers to the contribution made to the Cathedral Church of St. Peter at Exeter. The same "Peter's farthings occur in other Devon and Cornwall accounts, just as at St. Mary the Great, Cambridge, in 1535 they collected "Ely farthynges."

YGREC.

BRISTOL BOARD.-When was this first made? Application to the B.M. met with no success. The V. and A. M. referred me to the New English Dictionary,' which gives 1809; but Bristol board is known to have been made earlier.

Are there variations of the impressed mark denoting dates of manufacture ?

Аітсно.

GUILD OF CLOTHIERS. - A Guild of Clothiers flourished in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. I shall be glad of any information concerning it.

(Rev.) J. W. OSMAN.

3, St. Mellons, St. Owen Street, Hereford. MILITARY EXECUTIONS.-Will any military reader tell me the modus operandi on such occasions? When a dozen soldiers are told off for the gruesome task, are eleven blank cartridges served out, or only one? I have heard both points warmly discussed. My own view is that the former would be pretty nearly futile, as the solitary weapon charged with ball might inflict unnecessary

pain or miss altogether, in either case prolonging the victim's suspense, whereas the latter could not fail to achieve its ghastly object. The alleged custom of supplying one or several blank charges arose, of course, from the desire that no one of the firing party might either charge himself or be charged individually with being his comrade's executioner. J. B. McGoVERN.

St. Stephen's Rectory, C.-on-M., Manchester.
AUTHORS OF

QUOTATIONS WANTED. Many years ago were given to me the following lines, said to have been written by William Smith O'Brien, leader of the abortive rising of 1848 in Ireland. Can any one tell me if they were his own, or, if not, who was their author?

Whether on the scaffold high,
Or in the battle's van,
The best way for a man to die
Is to die for a man.

HUGH FAMILY.-I should be much obliged if some reader could give me the name of the parish in Wales in which Thomas Hugh, Lewis Hugh, and Moses Hugh were born between 1696 and 1720. Moses Hugh was serjeant at mace in Brecon town, 1730 to 1740. I also wish to know the place of birth in Wales, 1740 to 1770, of the eight children of Lewis Hugh, tanner. Please reply direct. LEWIS HUGHES.

48, Emerald Street, Roath, Cardiff.

MAJOR BENJAMIN WOODWARD. - Information wanted with regard to the parentage of Major Benjamin Woodward, à Cromwellian, who went to Ireland with some forces he had raised, and in 1668 was rewarded for his services by a grant of land at Drumbarragh, Kells, co. Meath. Any particulars regarding the names and origin of his father and mother will be welcome.

Y.