the United States, and highly esteemed as a food-fish. It is a stout and very deep-bodied fish, with a steep frontal profile, of a grayish colour with about eight vertical dark bands, and the fins mostly dark. It attains a length of 30 inches, though usually found of a smaller size. 3. A Scianoid fish of the fresh waters of the United States, Haplodinotus grunniens, also called drum, croaker, and thunder-pumper." Nares (ed. 1859, p. 767) gives : Coal fish. Gadus carbonarius, is still quoted in the Billingsgate and Grimsby Market reports. White and pouting hake are probably the whiting, Gadus merlangus, and the whiting pout, Gadus barbatus. Tuske, or torske, is Gadus callarias. Rocket-Fr. rouget, or red mullet, Mullus barbatus. Smeare dabs= Pleuronectes microcephalus. Chare=char, the Windermere fish, Salmo alpinus. Guardfish should certainly not be classed as obsolete. It is one of the best-known 66 fishes in Australian waters, and the word is in colloquial use in Melbourne, Sydney, and other centres. Boys abbreviate it into gardy." Prof. Morris (Austral-English,' p. 158) seems to think that garfish" is the more correct form, while stating that some are of opinion that "guardfish" was the original spelling. The Professor favours the view that the word is derived from the Anglo-Saxon gar-spear, dart, javelinin allusion to the long spear-like projection of the jaws of this fish. J. F. HOGAN. Royal Colonial Institute, Northumberland Avenue. Tusk.—Dr. J. Jacobsen (University of Copenhagen), in his 'Dialect and PlaceNames of Shetland' (1897), states : Homlyn the homelyn ray, also called The cod is in Norway and Denmark called the home, sand, or spotty ray, Raia maculata. torsk, while the tusk (torsk) is called brosma, Kinson, a corruption of kingstone, other-brosme, which name is still used in Shetland, pronounced brismik.” wise the angel fish, monkfish, or shark ray, Squatina angelus. Scate maides and thornback maides are the females of these fishes. Christmas Quarter. The tusk is an edible sea fish, caught off the coasts of the Shetland Isles. When full grown it is smaller than the full-sized cod, but its flesh is firmer and more palatable. Its dorsal fins are well developed, its head Gollin.-I am somewhat uncertain as to and body are plump, and the skin is darker what this means; but it may be a corrup-in colour than that of the ling. When salted tion of "golden," in which case it would seem and dried, its flesh is firmer and more to indicate the golden-maid or -wrasse, glutinous than the cod's. also known as the gilt-head, rather than the golden carp or goldfish, although these are edible and said to be quite good. Crouch the crucian, known as the crouger in Warwickshire, the Gibele carp, or Cyprinus carassius. This fish is known as carouche in Berlin, and on the Thames as the German carp. THOS. F. MANSON. Will MR. SCHLOESSER allow me to supplement his question? Formerly we had 150 sail of large fishing smacks which belonged to this town-now, alas! all gone away. They often brought in a fish which when stuffed and baked was extremely good: Bearbet the burbot, Gadus lota. it was called locally "latchet": it had a Hollebet the hollibut or halibut, Pleuro- large head out of all proportion to its body. nectes hippoglossus. I do not hear of it to-day. Dose, mentioned by MR. SCHLOESSER, would appear to be intended for the dace given by Mrs. Glasse: possibly dose is a misprint. Barking, Essex. W. W. GLENNY. [MR. R. V. GOWER, MR. T. JONES, MR. A. E. STEEL, and MR. J. WILLCOCK, are thanked for replies.] HALDEMAN SURNAME (11 S. iv. 329). Nevilles, and Talbots. Of peers who are Surely the name is German. Haleman descended in the female line may be named might easily have been changed into Halde- the Dukes of Somerset, Northumberland, man if the latter was already in use." Halde" Athole, and Portland (through De Vere, is given in Flügel's German Dictionary' Earl of Oxford), Lord Stafford, Lord Petre, as a provincial word meaning a hill or a Lord Saye and Sele, Lord Mowbray and holt. But the original sense was a slope." Stourton, and, I think, Lord Bagot. Breul translates Halde by declivity"; which is the best sense. 66 66 The sb. was derived from an old adjective, viz., the O.H.G. hald, Norse hallr, A.-S. heald, meaning "sloping down," or "leaning to one side." Besides the examples given in Toller, I have found three in Birch's 'A.-S. Charters,' at vol. ii. 524, vol. iii. 33 and 338. The first of these is dated 943, and gives us "on healdan weg," i.e., on the way downhill. Bardsley has no record of such a name in England. WALTER W. SKEAT. There was a family of note in England named Haldimand, of Swiss extraction. William was a director of the Bank of England and M.P. for Ipswich, and Sir Frederick Haldimand, K.B., Governor of Quebec. R. J. FYNMORE. [R. B. is also thanked for reply.] NOBLE FAMILIES IN SHAKESPEARE (11 S. iv. 248, 296). An immense number of people are descended from Shakespearian characters, but lineal male descendants now sitting in the House of Lords are not many; The Marquis of Abergavenny is the lineal representative of Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmoreland ('1 King Henry IV), a peerage which was forfeited in 1570, It would take too much space to go through all the historical plays, and I will confine myself to the earliest,King John.' In this play five great feudal barons are among the characters-William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke; Geoffrey FitzPeter or FitzPiers, Earl of Essex; William Longsword, Earl of Salisbury; Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk; and Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent. Of the last three I am unable to trace any living descendants, though some probably exist, but the first two are still represented in the House of Lords. The five sons of William Marshall, who successively held the Earldom of Pembroke, died without children, but their sister Joan married Warine de Montchesni, and their daughter and heiress Joan married William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke. Their daughter and heiress Joan married John, Lord Comyn of Badenoch, whose daughter Elizabeth married Richard, Lord Talbot, the direct ancestor of the Earl of Shrewsbury. Mary, the daughter of Geoffrey FitzPiers, married Henry de Bohun, who was created Earl of Hereford in 1199. and heiress of the sixth earl, married Thomas Eleanor, the daughter of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, and their Bourchier, Count of Ewe, and afterwards Earl daughter and heiress Anne married Henry of Essex. Their daughter Cecily married John Devereux, Lord Ferrers of Chartley, from whom the present Viscount Hereford is lineally descended. From this John Devereux are also descended in the female line the Marquis Townshend and Earl Ferrers, as well as a large number of com moners. though his title of Abergavenny is derived through Edward Neville, the sixth son of that Earl. From John Talbot, the great Alcides of the field" (1 King Henry VI.'), is lineally descended in the male line the Earl of Shrewsbury and Talbot. The Earl of Huntingdon is the lineal descendant of William, Lord Hastings (3 King Henry VI.'), although the Barony of Hastings, being heritable by females, is held by the Earl of Loudoun. From Thomas, Lord Stanley (King Richard III.'), is descended the Earl of Derby; while from "Jockey of Norfolk" (ibid.) we have as descendants in the House of Lords the Duke of Norfolk, the Earls of Carlisle, Suffolk LONDON'S ROYAL STATUES (11 S. iv. 188). and Berkshire, and Effingham, and Lord-Information can be had in the lately Howard of Glossop. issued Return of Outdoor Memorials in London' (Messrs. P. S. King & Son, 2-4, Great Smith Street, Victoria Street, Westminster, post free 1s. 8d.). I think this list exhausts the number of peers who are lineally descended in the male line from characters mentioned by Shakespeare, though there are, of course, a large number of collateral Howards, to whom Venus and Adonis' and The Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, Rape of Lucrece' were dedicated, is represented in the House of Lords by the Duke of Bedford and the other peers belonging to the family of Russell. Dublin. W. F. PRIDEAUX. WILLIAM MACARTHUR. Notes on Books, &c. Masters of English Journalism: a Study of Personal Forces, by T. H. S. Escott (Fisher Unwin), has the merit of being at once lively in style, and close packed with information. Mr. Escott is an old hand in journalism, and with his abundant store of knowledge he might have made his book at least twice as big. As it is, the narrative suffers occasionally from too many facts, and we are shifted so quickly from one man to another that we are apt to lose the connexion. There are also some repetitions which might have been avoided, and are readily ascertainable by consulting the Index. Still, the whole narrative is distinctly animated, and every page is thoroughly readable. In his introductory chapter the author goes as far back as ancient Greece, using a paper by Jebb which, it might have been noted, has been printed in that fine scholar's Essays and Addresses' since 1907. Further chapters consider the beginnings of English journalism; Defoe to Addison; Swift to Philip Francis (here regarded as the author of the Junius letters); Cobbett; the two Hunts, Perry, and Stuart; and the Walters of The Times, with other successful caterers for the public taste whose career and personality are known to many. We find even verdicts about the work of living giants of press enterprise. Though it is pleasant to read so optimistic a view as Mr. Escott's on some men and enterprises of the present day, we feel that the awkwardness of calling attention to their defects and failures must influence any writer, and perhaps it would have been better to deal only with those whose work is done, and concerning whom more freedom of speech is permitted. We agree with many of Mr. Escott's acute and well-phrased judgments, but, when he comes to the present day, we cannot accept all his dicta. He does not detect “any really downhill movement" in the quality and position of journals and journalists. Comment on this verdict may differ according to the point of view. To the present writer the standard of style and decency to-day seems lower than it was, and there is a lack at once of independence and of honest opinion untouched by popular clamour which is duly recognized here 66 news (pp. 336 and 337). Like America, we are paper ridden rather than newspaper ruled " (P. 343), and there are increasing signs of dissent public opinion, but lends itself to extrasatisfaction at a press which does not even reprevagance alike of censure and eulogy. If there is a cultured University element formerly unknown, there is also a new host of amateurs who have no real talent for the business and no education worth considering. Mr. Escott goes so far as to say that the modern journalist is fortunate because his work" prevents his being entirely at the mercy of the publisher, who, in this age of literary over-production, finds himself, really through no fault of his own, obliged to sweat his writers rather than pay them." That sentence contains a great deal that calls for thought, and at least one assumption which we cannot concede. We notice the name of our late Editor as a contributor to The Reader, and several other vivid figures who belonged to the less conventional side of London life, such as the short-lived, but charming W. J. Prowse, the intransigeant Robert Brough, and the wildly brilliant Grenville Murray. David Christie Murray is not mentioned, though he was at one time the editor of The Morning, an early example of the halfpenny newspaper which foundered, we think, on the rock of nonunion labour. Woodstock. Edited by A. S. Gaye. (Cambridge University Press.) THE editor tells us in his Introduction that educate. The fear in this carefully prepared 'Woodstock was written to please, not to edition is not that the young reader will fail to be educated as well as pleased, but rather that he will take alarm at the liberality of the notes before him and think he is going to be educated only. The Introduction gives a slight but adequate sketch of the circumstances in which the novel was written, with some general remarks and criticisms. A glossary will hardly need to be referred to for such words as peak" and others, generally obvious when taken in their context. The work, however, is well done, and deserves appreciation. 6 66 The National Review now considers " A. M. G." as well as "B. M. G.," though the most space is devoted to a consideration of the manœuvres of the Fourth Party as a lesson for the present day. Sir A. Griffith-Boscawen has a striking article on The Crying Need of Housing Reform.' Wit and good sense alike distinguish Mr. CharlesBrookfield's remarks On Plays and Play-writing.' He points out that managers are not such good judges of plays as they were, and do not get the right people to modify their deficiency in that respect. Mr. H. C. Biron has a lively article on Dr. Johnson and Dr. Dodd,' and the efforts made to save the fashionable preacher from his deserved punishment as a forger. Mr. W. Roberts's Old Masters at the Grafton Galleries adds to the detailed study and research concerning pictures which is a feature of to-day, and a salutary check on the assumptions and attributions of connoisseurship. We are pleased to see a sympathetic account of Mr. R. L. Borden by Mr. Maxwell H. H. Macartney, for we believe he deserves all that is said of him, and will do much to reduce corruption in Canada. 31. 158. Among the principal items in Mr. William Downing's Birmingham Catalogue 507 are the Villon Society's Arabian Nights'; Occult Philosophy, including Albertus Magnus, Salmon, and The Anatomie of Mortalitie,' 1632; three heraldic MSS., including one of great beauty and interest (on vellum) with 10 plates of arms, 4to, full morocco, 601.; and Moths and Butterflies of the U.S.A.,' with illustrations composed of the actual wings of the insects described, 2 vols. Mr. William Glaisher's November Catalogue of Remainders includes Cundall's History of British Water-Colour Painting,' with 58 coloured plates, 78. 6d.; Gasquet's Greater Abbeys of England,' with 60 coloured plates, 78. 6d. ; 'Autobiography and Memoirs of the Eighth Duke of Argyll,' 2 vols., 78. 6d. ; and other works at low prices. Mr. E. Joseph's Catalogue 14 contains the library of Dr. John Campbell Oman, including many interesting and scarce books relating to the various religions of the world and to philosophy, besides works on India and the East. The second part of the Catalogue comprises all classes of literature, including many items on London, Spiritualism, Philology, Shakespeare and the Drama, and Sport and Travel. We may mention Papworth's Select Views of London,' with 76 coloured plates, tall copy, 1816, 201.; Johnson's Poets,' edited by Chalmers, 21 vols., 1810, 61. 68.; Hansard's Parliamentary Debates,' 1901-8, 111 vols., and House of Commons' Debates, 1909, 13 vols., 221. 108. ; 'Peregrine Pickle,' first edition, 4 vols., 1751, 61. 6s.; and the Villon Society's translation of the Thousand and One Nights,' &c., 13 vols., 1882-9, 12l. 128. Mr. James Thin of Edinburgh devotes his Catalogue 169 to Natural History. The Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Field Club, 1831-1905, 19 vols., is 167. 108.; HarvieBrown and Buckley's Vertebrate Fauna of Scotland,' complete set, 11 vols., 167. 168.; J. G, Millais's Mammals of Great Britain and Ireland, with many illustrations, 3 vols., 131.; Nature 1869-1909, 81 vols., 107. 108.; and The Zoologist 1843-1910, 68 vols., 127. 10s. Under Ornithology are The Auk, Vols. I.-XXVII., 187. 108.; Dresser's Birds of Europe,' with over 700 illustrations, 9 vols., 601.; The Ibis, 1859-1910, 56 vols., 951.; Lord Lilford's' Birds of the British Islands,' with 421 coloured plates, 7 vols., 551.; and Selby's 'Illustrations of British Ornithology,' with 383 coloured figures, 4 vols., 227. 108. in their Catalogue CCCCXXVI. Higden's 'PolyMessrs. Young & Sons of Liverpool include cronicon,' 1527; an extensively extra-illustrated copy of Lysons's London'; many examples of modern artistic binding; a large volume of Chinese drawings; a collection of original editions of Lever's Works; books printed at the Kelmscott Press; an uncut copy of Egan's 'Boxiana'; and many sporting books. There are also several old coloured prints; an original water-colour drawing by Kate Greenaway; the first English edition of King James I.'s Basilicon Doron,' 1603; an uncut set of the first edition of Hone's Every-Day and Table Books; extra-illustrated copies of Voltaire's La Pucelle,' 1789, Madame Junot's Memoirs, and Byron's Poetical Works, besides books about Coaching, Charles I., the Drama, France, Ireland, Italy, Quakers, Volcanoes, and Yorkshire, and interesting examples of early printing. HERR LEO LIEPMANNSSOHN will conduct at Berlin on the 17th and 18th inst. a sale of interesting autographs of eminent musicians. The Catalogue just published contains valuable manu scripts of Bach, Beethoven, Chopin, Haydn. Mendelssohn, Mozart, and Weber from the family of the famous pianist and composer Ignat Moscheles (the intimate friend of Mendelssohn who for many years resided in London. There are also autograph manuscripts and letters of Berlioz, Brahms, Liszt, Thomas Moore, Mozart, Schubert, and Schumann, and a magnificent collection of Wagner autographs from the heirs of the late Alfred Bovet of Paris, the distinguished autograph collector. The Catalogue will be sent free on application to 14, Bernburgerstrasse, Berlin. Notices to Correspondents. ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for pub lication, but as a guarantee of good faith. EDITORIAL Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries '"-Adver tisements and Business Letters to "The Pub lishers"-at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. RAVEN ("Derivation of 'Saunter'").-See the note by PROF. SKEAT at 10 S. ii, 224. T. JONES ("Holed Stones ").-Proof received. LONDON, SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1911. CONTENTS.-No. 99. embarked upon mining work much before 1592, this date is probably some years too early. In 1584 Bulmer figures with Sir Julius Cæsar in a grant of a patent for lighthouses In 1586 he was engaged (Add. MS. 12497). fract Castle-Burial Inscriptions at St. John's, West minster, 403-James Caldwall, Artist King's Theatre in lead-mining in the Mendip Hills (Acts of (Opera-House), Haymarket-Crystal Palace Tickets, 405 the Privy Council). Twenty years later -Long's Hotel, Bond Street-Dud Dudley-Fire-papers, he was still working mines in that district 406. QUERIES:-William Hone -Rev. Henry Grey-Turners of (State Papers, Dom.). About 1587 he Sussex-Sir Walter Ralegh's House at Youghal-Japanese commenced mining and smelting silver lead Gods-Nicolay Family-The Intelligencer,' 407-Major He presented H. Bowyer Lane-"Resurrection Men "-Old Morgan at at Combmartin, Devonshire. Panama - Capt. Edwardes Forster - Manzoni's Pro- a cup made from silver produced here to messi Sposi "Rydyng aboute of victory"-Authors of the Earl of Bath (Westcote's Devon'; Quotations Holworthy Portrait-T. Raynsford of Little Compton-Cockles and Mussels-Dr. Johnson and The Fuller's Worthies') Pilgrim's Progress,' 408-Dry Weather in Nineteenth Century Surrey Institute-Burgh-on-Sands-'Diary of a Blasé Slang Terms and the Gipsy Tongue, 409-invention of a machine for slitting iron King's Bench Prison, Southwark-J. Addenbrooke-F. T. bars; this was renewed in 1605, subEgerton-H. F. Jadis-"Fent," Trade Term-Ambrose sequently transferred to Clement DawGwinett and 'The London Gazette,' 410. beney, called in in 1612, and regranted to REPLIES:-"Peter Pindar," 410-' Comus' at Dawbeney in 1618 for twenty-one years. There is no evidence that Bulmer himself worked the patent, but it is clear that it was of considerable value. Covent Notes. BEVIS BULMER. Did I not tell you I was bred in the mines Ben Jonson, The Staple of News.' BEVIS BULMER was the first Englishman to obtain any reputation as a mining engineer. His name does not occur in the D.N.B.,' but it figures somewhat prominently, in connexion with mining and other industrial projects, in our records between the years 1586 and 1610. The Lansdowne MSS. contain a letter, No. 26(11), from Gawin Smith to Lord Burghley, written apparently from the North of England, in which it is stated that Bulmer had been engaged by Foulis, a goldsmith of Edinburgh, to work a mine in Scotland. This is the earliest mention of his name which has been discovered so far. The document, which is undated, has been assigned to the year 1578, but, since there is reason for thinking that Foulis had not In 1588 Bulmer obtained a patent for an In 1593 Bulmer obtained from the Corporation of London a lease permitting him to erect on Broken Wharf a machine for pumping up Thames water for a public supply. The machine consisted of a chain pump Worked by horses; it was completed in 1594-5. The tower is shown in Hollar's View of London,' 1647 (Stow's Survey, 1603; Strype's Stow,' 1720; Stow's Annals,' Howe's ed., 1615; Sharpe, London and the Kingdom'). As a record of this undertaking Bulmer presented the Lord Mayor with a cup made of Combmartin silver, bearing an inscription, which, together with that on the cup referred to above, was given in N. & Q.,' 7 S. vii. 101. The Lord Mayor's cup has been melted down and made into three separate cups, which are still at the Mansion House, with inscriptions to the effect that they are the gift of Bevis Bulmer. The fate of the other cup is not known. Coming on to 1597, we have clear evidence that Bulmer was in partnership with Foulis in lead mines in Lanarkshire (Reg. Privy Council of Scotland). The Hatfield MSS. contain letters from him in reference to the farm of wines and of tin coinage in 1599-1600. In 1599 he was granted the farm of a tax on sea coal. Upon the accession of James I. the Calendars of State Papers show that Bulmer received several grants in reference to gold and silver mining in Scotland. In 1603 several rivers were assigned to him to search for gold and silver, and in 1606 he received |