B. range, 53 to 452 fath.; in one instance in 984 fath. (perhaps an error). Most common in 150 to 350 fath. Taken by the U. S. Fish Comm. at 70 stations between N. lat. 44° 47' and 38° 27'. It has also been sent by the Gloucester fishermen, from several localities on the various Banks off Nova Scotia, in 60 to 230 fath. This is closely allied to P. Andromeda of Northern Europe (40 to 690 fath.), and may eventually prove to be identical. Several allied species are known from the East Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. BATHYBIASTER ROBUSTUS Verrill. Archaster robustus Verrill, this Journal, xxix, p. 383, 1885; Expl. by the Albatross in 1883. pp. 519, 541, 1885. Phoxaster pumilus Sladen, op. cit., p. 236, pl. 15, figs. 3-6; pl. 40, figs. 7-11, 1889 (Young). Bathybiaster robustus Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., vol. xvii, p. 256, 1894. B. range, 705 to 1467 fath.; 1240 to 1700 (Sladen). Taken at 33 stations between N. lat. 41° 28' and 35° 10'. This is closely allied to B. pallidus from off the Scandinavian coast. An allied species occurs in the South Pacific and Antarctic Oceans, in 75 to 245 fath. LUIDIA CLATHRATA (Say). Asterias clathrata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad, vol. v, p. 142, 1825. Luidia clathrata Lutken, Vidensk. Meddel., p. 37, 1859; A. Agassiz, North American Starfishes, p. 117, pl. 20, 1877; Verrill, this Journ., vol. iii, p. 438, 1872. B. range, 1 to 48 fath. Most common in less than 20 fath. Taken at 18 stations, from N. lat. 37° 31′ to 35° 12′. Common in shallow water southward to Florida, West Indies, and Rio Janeiro, Brazil. Rare north of Cape Hatteras. Allied species occur in all tropical seas. LUIDIA ELEGANS Perrier. Luidia elegans Perrier, Arch. Zool. Expér., p. 256, 1876; Verrill, this Journal, vol. xx, p. 403. 1880; Expl. by the Albatross, in Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. xi, p. 543, pl. 13, figs. 39, 39", 1885. B. range, 53 to 146 fath. Most common from 60 to 120 fath. Taken at 34 stations between N. lat. 40° 16' and 35° 10′ 40′′. Seldom obtained entire. Appears to extend to the West Indies. Family GONIASTERIDE or PENTAGONASTERIDE. PENTAGONASTER EXIMIUS Verrill. Proc. Nat. Mus, vol. xvii, p. 264, 1894. B. range, 80 to 122 fath., rare. 44° 27' 30" and 42° 25′ 40′′. Taken at two stations, N. lat. Closely allied to the following species. PENTAGONASTER GRANULARIS Perrier. Asterias granularis Retzius, K. Vet. Akad. Nya. Handl., vol. iv, p. 238, 1783. Astrogonium granulare Müller and Trosch., Syst., p. 57, 1842; Verrill, Expl. by the Albatross in 1883, p. 542, pl. 18, figs. 48, 48a, 1885. Goniaster granularis Lütken, Vidensk. Medd nat Foren., p. 146, 1865. Pentagonaster granularis Perrier, Revis. Stell. du Mus., p. 224, 1876; Sladen, Voy. Challenger, vol. xxx, p. 268, 1889. B. range, 72 to 471 fath. Rarely taken below 150 fathoms. Taken at several stations between N. lat. 44° 28′ 30′′ and 41° 47'. Also taken by the Gloucester fishermen on the Banks. off Nova Scotia. Occurs off the coasts of Norway and Great Britain. PENTAGONASTER SIMPLEX, sp. nov. B. range, 640 fath. Off Martha's Vineyard. Greater radius, 20mm; lesser radius, 13mm; thickness at margin, 45mm. Form pentagonal, with the sides slightly incurved; rays short-triangular, terminated by a somewhat prominent, rounded apical plate, situated on the upper side. Usually twelve superior and fourteen inferior marginal plates; these are uniformly covered with rather fine, crowded, angular granules, except on the middle of each plate, where there is a smooth, rounded area above and below. Abactinal plates very regular in form and arrangement; those of the radial areas are hexagonal, with the median row distinct and bordered by about three parallel rows on each side. Those of the triangular interradial areas are rhombic, somewhat smaller and less regular; all the plates are covered with numerous small, crowded, angular granules, often thirty to forty on the larger plates. Actinal plates mostly rhombic, flat, regularly arranged, and covered with fine, rounded granules which are not closely crowded. Adambulacral spines decidedly longer and larger than those adjacent. Each adambulacral plate bears a single marginal row of three or four somewhat elongated, blunt or clavate spines, and outside of these a somewhat stellate group of seven to nine shorter, thicker, blunt spinules, one of which usually occupies the center of the group. Jaw-spines numerous, short, thick, angular, similar to the larger adambulacral spines. A single specimen (No. 13,363) was taken at station 1124. PENTAGONASTER PLANUS, sp. nov. B. range, 156 fath. N. lat. 39° 53', off Martha's Vineyard. Greater radius, 50mm; lesser radius, 35mm; thickness at margin, 8mm. Form pentagonal, with the sides slightly incurved; rays very short, triangular, and obtuse, with the tip turned up and terminated by a small, conical plate. Marginal plates large, median ones nearly square, usually fourteen in the dorsal series and sixteen in the ventral series, all uniformly covered with rather coarse, rounded granules, standing a little apart, the margins of the plates with a regular row of granules of about the same size. Abactinal plates flat, mostly rather large, rounded or hexagonal, with some small, rounded ones interspersed; all are uniformly covered with rather coarse, spaced granules, like those of the marginal plates, so that the whole of the upper surface has a remarkably uniform granular coating. The larger plates often bear fifty to seventy granules; the small intermediate plates frequently carry but nine to twelve. Actinal plates large, rhombic, uniformly covered with coarse, angular granules, distinctly larger than those of the marginal plates. Adambulacral plates numerous and crowded, similar to the actinal plates, but slightly larger and longer, the length increasing somewhat toward the ends of the rays. Each plate usually bears three or four marginal spines in a simple row; outside of these there are usually nine to twelve thicker, obtuse, angular spines, forming four irregular, longitudinal rows, the outer ones smallest. Jaws covered with numerous blunt, angular spines, similar to the actinal spines, but larger. One specimen (No. 13,362) was taken at station 1098. ODONTASTER HISPIDUS Verrill. Odontaster hispidus Verrill, this Journal, vol. xx, p. 402, 1880; Proc. Nat. Mus., vol. xvii, p. 263, 1894. B. range, 43 to 1230 fath. Taken at many stations between N. lat. 44' 28° 30' and 39° 53'. No very closely allied species is known. The genus Gnathaster (Sladen, 1889) appears to be identical with this. Among the recorded species are the following: Odontaster pilulatus (Gnathaster Sl.) Magellan St. O. elongatus (Gnathaster S1.) Southern Ocean. O. paxillosum (Astrogonium Gray) Australia. O. dilatatus (Pentagonaster Per.) N. Zealand. O. meridionalis (Astrogonium Smith) Southern Ocean. ISASTER BAIRDII Verrill. Archaster Bairdi Verrill, this Journal, vol. xxiii, p. 139, 1882. B. range, 351 to 721 fath. Taken at 6 stations between N. lat. 42° 55′ 30′′ and 39° 47′ 07′′. No other species of this genus is known. PARAGONASTER FORMOSUS Verrill. Archaster formosus Verrill, this Journal, vol. xxviii, p. 383, 1884; Expl. by the Albatross in 1883, pp. 519, 543. ↑ Paragonaster cylindratus Sladen, op. cit., p. 314, pl. 51, figs. 3, 4; pl. 53, figs. 3, 4, 1889. Paragonaster formosus Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., vol. xvii, p. 257, 1894. B. range 1396 to 2021 fath. Taken at 15 stations between N. lat. 41° 07' and 37°. The type of P. cylindratus Sl. was from south of Cape Verde Islands, in 1850 fath. A West Indian species (P. subtilis = Goniopecten subtilis Perrier), appears to be closely allied to ours. It was taken in 955 fathoms by the "Blake" Exp. HIPPASTERIA PHRYGIANA Ag. Asterias phrygiana Parelius, K. Norske Vid. Selskabs Skrifter, vol. iv, p. 425, pl. 14, fig. 2, 1770: Gmelin, Linné, p. 3163, 1788. Asterias equestris Pennant, Brit. Zool., vol. iv, p. 130, 1776; Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., vol. iii, p. 242, 1815. Hippasteria plana Gray, Ann. and Mag., vol. vi. p. 279, 1841; Synopsis Starf. Brit. Mus.. p. 9; Perrier. Arch. de Zool., Exper. vol. v, p. 86, 1876; Sladen, Voy. Challenger, vol. xxx, p. 341. Goniaster equestris Forbes, British Starfishes, p. 125. fig., 1841. Astrogonium phrygianum Müll. and Trosch, Syst Asteriden, p. 52, 1842; Lutken, Vidensk Meddel., pp. 70, 105, 1857; Sars Norges Echinod., p. 44. Goniaster phrygianus Norman, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xv, p. 123, 1865; Verrill. Proc. Boston Soc Nat. Hist., vol. x. p. 356. 1866. Hippasteria phrygiana Agassiz. Sea Side Studies, p. 113; Verrill, Check List., p. 14, 1879; Expl. by the Albatross, in Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. xi, p. 542, pl. 17, fig. 47, 1885. B. range, 20 to 224 fath.; in one instance, off George's Bank, in 471 fath. Most common from 50 to 150 fath. Newfoundland to Cape Cod, off Chatham Light. Taken at numerons stations in Massachusetts Bay, off Cape Ann, Gulf of Maine, Bay of Fundy, and off Nova Scotia, on hard bottoms. It occurs also on the European coasts and in the Arctic Ocean. No other species of the genus is known.* Family GYMNASTERIDE. PORANIA (CHONDRASTER) GRANDIS Verrill, This Journal, vol. xvi. p. 371, 1878; Expl. by the Albatross in 1883, in Ann. Rep. Fish Comm, vol. xi, p. 542 (pars.), pl. 15, fig. 44, pl. 16, fig. 44a, 1885 (not figs. 45, 45o). B. range, 220 to 538 fath. East of George's Bank and off Martha's Vineyard, N. lat. 39° 53′ 30′′. This large species is not a typical Porania. In several of my former articles it was not distinguished from the following * Perrier, Sladen, and others have resurrected one of Linck's ante-binomial names (planus) for this species. This proceeding appears to be entirely unwarranted and unnecessary. species, which is similar in size and general appearance. The present form has a thinner margin with the plates poorly developed. The marginal spines are more or less abortive. The long, slender dorsal papulæ are confined to two petaloid bands on each ray, leaving the median area bare. There are two adambulacral spines on the inner edge of each plate, side by side, and an outer transverse series of two or three. The integument is firm, thick, and glabrous, and when dried it shows numerous microscopic spicules on the surface. The radial grooves are conspicuous and numerous; one runs from between all the adambulacral plates and marginal plates. The rudimentary abactinal and actinal plates are much less developed than in the next species. The above characters warrant the establishment of a new subgenus, or perhaps a genus, for this species. I propose to name it Chondraster. PORANIA INSIGNIS, sp. nov. Porania grandis (pars) Verrill Explorations made by the Albatross in 1883, p. 542, pl. 15, figs. 45, 45, 1885. B. range, 65 to 373 fath. Most common in 100 to 250 fath. Chiefly in the warm area. Taken at numerous stations, from N. lat. 41° 28' 30" to 36° 38' 30". It has, also, been taken several times by the Gloucester fishermen, on the Banks. A large pentagonal species with convex disk and short rays. Radii of an average specimen 70mm and 34mm. Dorsal surface smooth, with a tough, leathery integument, without visible plates or spines, except a cluster of small spinules around the "anal" pore. Papulæ conspicuous, elongated; they are most abundant along the sides of the rays, but do not form very definite bands, though the median line of the rays is mostly bare; a single or double row of papulæ extends along the margins, between the upper and lower marginal plates, which are somewhat prominent, but covered by thick cuticle. The lower plates carry a row of three or four sharp, conical, skin-covered spinules, which form the sharp edge of the disk; distally the number decreases to two, and finally to one. Each adambulacral plate bears a transverse row of three or two stout, short, divergent spines, in irregular alternation; they are somewhat webbed at base; the outer one is stoutest and often gougeshaped or even double at the blunt tip. Each jaw bears two oral, partly webbed, skin-covered, short spines, and two or three on each side. The actinal radial furrows are strongly marked; they run from between all the marginal plates, but only between alternate adambulacral plates. Young specimens of this species, when 15 to 20mm in diameter, have more or less numerous, small, scattered, simple spines, both on the dorsal and ventral plates; these plates are dis |