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quam illudi? Quod ut ne accidat magis cavendum est:

Ut me hodie ante omnis comicos stultos senes
Versaris atque illusseris lautissime!

Haec enim etiam in fabulis stultissima persona est improvi- 100 5 dorum et credulorum senum. Sed nescio quo pacto ab amicitiis perfectorum hominum, id est sapientum-de hac dico sapientia, quae videtur in hominem cadere posse-ad levis amicitias defluxit oratio. Quam ob rem ad illa prima redeamus eaque ipsa concludamus aliquando.

XXVII. Virtus, inquam, C. Fanni, et tu, Q. Muci, et conciliat amicitias et conservat. In ea est enim convenientia rerum, in ea stabilitas, in ea constantia: quae cum se extulit et ostendit suum lumen et idem aspexit agnovitque in alio, ad id se admovet vicissimque accipit illud, quod in altero est, 15 ex quo exardescit sive amor sive amicitia. Utrumque enim dictum est ab amando; amare autem nihil est aliud nisi eum ipsum diligere quem ames, nulla indigentia, nulla utilitate quaesita: quae tamen ipsa ecflorescit ex amicitia, etiam si tu eam minus secutus sis. Hac nos adulescentes benevolentia 101 20 senes illos, L. Paulum, M. Catonem, C. Gallum, P. Nasicam, Ti. Gracchum Scipionis nostri socerum dileximus: haec etiam magis elucet inter aequalis, ut inter me et Scipionem, L. Furium, P. Rupilium, Sp. Mummium: vicissim autem senes in adulescentium caritate acquiescimus, ut in vestra, ut in Q. 25 Tuberonis; equidem etiam admodum adulescentis P. Rutili, A. Vergini familiaritate delector. Quoniamque ita ratio comparata est vitae naturaeque nostrae, ut alia aetas oriatur, maxime quidem optandum est ut cum aequalibus possis, quibuscum tamquam e carceribus emissus sis, cum isdem ad 30 calcem, ut dicitur, pervenire. Sed quoniam res humanae fragiles 102 caducaeque sunt, semper aliqui anquirendi sunt quos diligamus et a quibus diligamur: caritate enim benevolentiaque sublata

omnis est e vita sublata iucunditas. Mihi quidem Scipio, quamquam est subito ereptus, vivit tamen semperque vivet: virtutem enim amavi illius viri, quae exstincta non est. Nec mihi soli versatur ante oculos, qui illam semper in manibus habui, sed etiam posteris erit clara et insignis. Nemo umquam animo 5 aut spe maiora suscipiet qui sibi non illius memoriam atque 103 imaginem proponendam putet. Equidem ex omnibus rebus, quas mihi aut fortuna aut natura tribuit, nihil habeo quod cum amicitia Scipionis possim comparare. In hac mihi de re publica consensus, in hac rerum privatarum consilium, in 10 eadem requies plena oblectationis fuit. Numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi, quod quidem senserim, nihil audivi ex eo ipse quod nollem; una domus erat, idem victus isque communis, neque solum militia, sed etiam peregrina104 tiones rusticationesque communes. Nam quid ego de studiis 15 dicam cognoscendi semper aliquid atque discendi, in quibus remoti ab oculis populi omne otiosum tempus contrivimus? Quarum rerum recordatio et memoria si una cum illo occidisset, desiderium coniunctissimi atque amantissimi viri ferre nullo modo possem. Sed nec illa exstincta sunt alunturque potius et augentur cogitatione et memoria mea, et, si illis plane orbatus essem, magnum tamen affert mihi aetas ipsa solacium: diutius enim iam in hoc desiderio esse non possum; omnia autem brevia tolerabilia esse debent, etiam si magna sunt.

Haec habui de amicitia quae dicerem; vos autem hortor ut ita virtutem locetis, sine qua amicitia esse non potest, ut ea excepta nihil amicitia praestabilius putetis.

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NOTES.

N.B. In references to passages in the dialogue the first figure refers to the small section, not the chapter. In all quotations from Cicero sections not chapters are referred to, unless the contrary is stated.

§ 1.

I Q. Mucius... C. Laelio: see Introd. p. 14.

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3

4

memoriter: not 'by heart' or 'from memory' but 'with good memory,' like μvnuoviŵs (Xen. Cyr. 5, 3, 46). Madvig is right in saying (on Fin. 1, 34) semper hoc vocabulum laudem habet bonae et copiosae memoriae.

nec dubitare: =et (solebat) non dubitare. When dubitare means to hesitate about doing something, it generally takes an infinitive after it if the sentence (as here) is negative, or is an interrogative sentence which implies a negative. Occasionally, in such sentences, dubitare takes another construction, viz. quin with subj. More examples of this usage occur in Cic. than in any other author: e.g. Leg. agr. 2, 69 et vos non dubitatis quin vectigalia vestra vendatis. In a positive sentence the infinitive is unusual: cf. Sall. Cat. 15, 2 ea illi nubere dubitat; Cic. N. D. 1, 113 accusat fratrem suum quod dubitet omnia ventre metiri.

sapientem: see Introd. p. 15, n. 6.

ita eram deductus etc.: 'had been introduced to Scaevola on the understanding, that etc.' For this sense of deducere, to introduce a young man to a master or guardian, cf. Cael. 9 ut huic virilem togam dedit...hunc a patre continuo ad me esse deductum. It was a common practice to attach youths for a time to the society of distinguished jurists or orators; see Tac. dial. 34; Quint. 12, 11, 6.

Scaevolam: but above (line 1) Q. Mucius, the same person: Lahmeyer quotes similar changes from Cic. dom. 115; Sall. Iug. 27, 4; Nep. Hamilc. 1, 3 and 5.

virili toga: called also toga pura (as in Att. 7, 8, 5) to distinguish it from the toga praetexta (sometimes called merely praetexta) the purple bordered robe worn at Rome by magistrates and children. The toga of the ordinary adult citizen was not dyed. The toga virilis was generally assumed at the beginning of the seventeenth year. For virilis toga instead of toga virilis cf. Cael. 9 quoted above, and praetexta toga in 33, p. 39, 1. 9.

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9

IO

quoad possem et liceret: cf. Lucr. 2, 850 quoad licet ac possis; Cic. Leg. agr. 2, 19 quoad posset, quoad fas esset, quoad liceret.

a senis...discederem: an exaggerated expression, as in Balb. 5 accusator fatetur hunc numquam a Memmio discessisse; Liv. 37, 53, 18 numquam a consule abscessi.

ab eo...disputata: Cic. allows disputare to govern an accusative of a neuter pronoun only, in place of the usual constr., viz. de with abl.; so in 24, p. 36, l. 2; 16, 1. 22. He is more free in his use of the passive; thus he says in De Or. I. 22 re quaesita et disputata, though he would hardly say rem disputare for de re disputare. Cf. 4, l. 14.

prudentia: this word usually implies not wisdom in general but skill in some special subject; here Roman Law; cf. prudens in iure in 6, p. 29, 1. 1.

me...contuli: contrast this with a patre deductus eram above.

unum... ...praestantissimum: this emphatic use of unus with the superlative is common in Cic., e. g. Tusc. 2, 64; 4, 55; 5, 66; so Verg. Aen. 2, 426 cadit et Rhipeus iustissimus unus, and Homer, Il. 12, 243 eis olwvos aptoTOS. For the gen. nostrae civitatis cf. Tusc. 3, 81 unum omnium maximum. The strengthening force of unus is also seen in the common phrases quivis unus, quilibet unus, unus aliquis, unus quisque.

sed de hoc alias: nunc etc.: the ellipse of the verb (dicam) is common; cf. Tusc. 3, 10 sed id alias, nunc quod instat; ib. 3, 25 sed cetera alias · nunc...; ib. 3, 73 sed de hoc alias, nunc...; Balb. 1 ego quantum ei debeam, alio loco; also below, 13, 1. 18; 64, l. 19; 32, l. 30. Observe that in the best writers alias is always equivalent to alio tempore, never to alio modo. For redeo cf. De Or. 2, 62 sed illuc redeo; below, 96, 1. 22 ut ad me redeam; also 75, 1. 22.

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II

§ 2.

cum saepe multa, tum etc.: there is a change of construction in this sentence which leaves the clause cum saepe multa incomplete. Something like eum dicere must be supplied. Trans. 'I remember much that he said on many occasions, but particularly that etc.' On the constr. of memini Roby § 1372 says 'memini is used with the present (and sometimes the perfect) infinitive of events of which the subject himself was witness, with the perfect infinitive of events of which the subject was not witness'. The rule may be somewhat more precisely stated thus. If the person who recalls an event was a witness of it, he may either (a) vividly picture to himself the event and its attendant circumstances so that it becomes really present to his mind's eye for the moment, in which case he uses the present infinitive, or (b) he may simply recall the fact that the event did take place in past time, in which case the perfect infinitive is used. If he was not a witness, he evidently can conceive the event only in the latter of these two ways. As regards (a) cf. Verg. Ecl. 9, 52 longos cantando puerum memini me_condere soles with Georg. 4, 125 memini me Corycium vidisse senem. Examples like the latter of these two are more numerous than is commonly supposed.

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17

19

hemicyclio: a large semicircular bench, not a part of the household furniture, but placed outside in the grounds, and used for conversations, or lessons, the shape enabling the company to see each other's faces. So, at the outset of the discussion in the Academica (1, 14), Cic. says omnes in conspectu consedimus.

admodum: Lahmeyer is wrong in taking this with familiares; it qualifies pauci, as in Tusc. 4, 6 nulla fere sunt aut pauca admodum Latina monumenta, though Cic. nearly always says admodum pauci rather than pauci admodum; cf. Tusc. 2, 11; Top. 3; N. D. 3, 69; Leg. 3, 32; Phil. 3, 36 and 14, 27. In 16, 1. 25 we have gratum admodum. In sense, admodum exactly corresponds with our phrase 'to a degree'.

eum sermonem qui:= sermonem de ea re quae..., like is timor=timor eius rei, common in Livy. So below, 3, 1. 19 eam mentionem eius rei mentionem. Cf. also 55, 1. 26; 32, 1. 24 haec concertatio; 88, 1. 18 illam admirationem, and n. on 38, 1. 22 ex hoc numero.

tum fere: 'just about that time'; cf. 14, p. 31, 1. 26 extremum fere 'almost the last part'; also 5, 1. 21 nemo fere, hardly any one'; 72, I. 32 non fere. Lahmeyer, Nauck, and others err by supposing fere to qualify the words erat in ore, and to mean 'generally', 'commonly', like volgo, for which sense cf. 54, 1. 15. Fere nearly though not quite always modifies the word which immediately precedes, and is often joined with expressions relating to time, when the time is not fixed with absolute exactness. So Cic. Rep. 2, 56 decem fere annis; Pis. 13 quinta fere hora; Caes. B. G. 4, 23, I tertia fere vigilia. The Greek expressions is eπos εἰπεῖν, ὡς εἰπεῖν (which have a verbal resemblance to the Latin phrase ut ita dicam, but do not resemble it in their sense) correspond very closely to fere.

multis erat in ore: Cic. uses both constructions, esse in ore alicui and esse in ore alicuius. Cf. Appendix on tum fere multis.

P. Sulpicio: see Introd. p. 20.

utebare multum: 'were much in the society of...'

cum...vixerat: in translating, these words should be taken after the words from quanta to querella.

is tribunus plebis: not 'that tribune', but 'he, being tribune', or 'he, as tribune

capitali odio: 'deadly hatred'. The same phrase occurs in a fragm. of Cic. (Baiter, XIII I, 2); cf. also Hor. Sat. 1, 7, 13 ira capitalis.

quocum: so 15, 1.8 and 77, p. 52, 1. 13, but in 22, p. 34, l. 20 quicum. Quocum is commonly used when some particular and specified person is meant, as here and 15, ll. 8, 9, quicum when the statement is general and the person undefined, as in § 22. The MSS, however, vary so much between the two forms that it is often difficult to decide concerning them. querella: 'complaint'. The spelling querella seems better attested than querela.

§ 3.

cum...incidisset: 'having chanced to talk of that particular fact', i. e. the fact that Sulpicius had turned against his former friend; this led

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