21

22

2

Scaevola to the general subject of friendship. For eam mentionem see n. on 2, l. 13 eum sermonem.

secum et cum: so 11, 1. 31 mecum et cum, and often.

C. Fannio: see Introd. p. 16. The young student should clearly realise the fact that C. is an abbreviation for GAIUS, not CAIUS, the latter form of the name having been absolutely unknown to the Romans of the Republic and early Empire. It appears in an inscription (Vol. III no. 1178 of Mommsen's Corpus) of the time of Caracalla. On the other hand, it is not uncommon to find in modern books the abbreviation written G. instead of C. (e.g. in Gerlach's edition of Sallust throughout, and occasionally in R. Ellis' Catullus; so Kühner, Gram. I, ed. 2, p. 708 'C. oder G. Gaius'). But the Romans always wrote C. not G. In very early times the Latin alphabet contained no letter G, and the letter C represented two distinct sounds, the guttural tenuis and the guttural media. After the introduction of G the Romans still kept up the old fashion of writing C. for Gaius and Cn. for Gnaeus; so they wrote K. for Caeso. Africani see Introd. p. 17 sq.

P. 28.

sententias: 'the opinions expressed in the discussion', i. e. their purport, not the actual words.

exposui arbitratu meo: 'have rendered at my own discretion'. Like very many other nouns whose stems end in -u, arbitratus scarcely appears except in the ablative singular. [The nom. sing. and accus. sing. are also found, but only in Plautus.] The other cases of the sing. are supplied by the corresponding cases of arbitrium, and even in the ablative arbitrio is commoner than arbitratu (41, 1. 21). Rogatu in 4, 1. 7 is an isolated ablative.

quasi...loquentis: 'I have exhibited them as speaking in person, if I may say so'. Quasi modifies the too strong expression ipsos; cf. 27, p. 37, 1. 8; 55, 1. 27; 6, p. 29, l. 5; 48, 1. 20; 50, l. 6; 56, 1. 31; 35, 1. 26. A modern writer would hardly have thought it necessary to indicate that the interlocutors cannot actually appear in person.

ne inquam' etc.: this is directly and closely imitated from the introduction to Plato's Theaetetus, p. 142 (a dialogue Cic. imitates elsewhere, as in De Or. 3, 47; Tusc. 1, 8), where Euclides says with regard to the subject-matter of that dialogue έγραψάμην δὲ δὴ οὕτωσὶ τὸν λόγον, οὐκ ἐμοὶ Σωκράτη διηγούμενον ὡς διηγεῖτο, ἀλλὰ διαλεγόμενον οἷς ἔφη διαλεχθῆναι... ἵνα οὖν ἐν τῇ γραφῇ μὴ παρέχοιεν πράγματα αἱ μεταξὺ (cf. interponerentur) τῶν λόγων διηγήσεις περὶ αὑτοῦ τε ὁπότε λέγοι ὁ Σωκράτης, οἷον, κἀγὼ ἔφην (inquam) ἢ Καὶ ἐγὼ εἶπον, ἢ αὖ περὶ τοῦ ἀποκρινομένου, ὅτι Συνέφη (inquit) ἢ Οὐχ ὡμολόγει, τούτων ἕνεκα αὐτὸν αὐτοῖς διαλεγόμενον ἔγραψα (quasi ipsos induxi loquentis), ἐξελὼν τὰ τοιαῦτα.

4 coram: adverb here, as it is almost throughout the Republican and Augustan Latin. The prepositional use occurs in two passages of Cicero, Pis. 12 mihi vero ipsi coram genero meo quae dicere ausus es (where İ would insert et before genero and take coram adverbially) and Fam. 13,

5

6A, 1, and in one or two of Nepos, but Tacitus is the only writer who uses the word freely as a preposition. The grammars and dictionaries do not quote Livy for the prepositional use, which occurs in 35, 49, I.

§ 4.

cum enim etc.: the triple repetition of cum in this sentence seems careless and inelegant, but passages of the sort are not uncommon in Cic.; cf. my n. on pro Balbo 1, 1. 3, also Fam. 9, 6, 3 cum videremus

cum...tum.

mecum ageres. 'pleaded with me'; so tecum agere in 16, 1. 24; agere cum populo in 96, 1. 26.

scriberem aliquid: so Cat. m. 2 cum de senectute vellem aliquid

scribere.

7 feci ut prodessem: I took pains to confer benefit. The constr. is a favourite one with Cic.; cf. Vat. 21 invitus facio ut recorder; Cat. m. 42 invitus feci ut L. Flaminium e senatu eicerem. Cic. often gives as his reason for writing the desire to serve his countrymen; so Acad. 1, 11; Div. 2, 5; Off. 2, 2. Non invitus also in 25, 1. 4.

8

9

Catone maiore: see Introd. p. 10.

qui est...senectute: 'which I dedicated to you...'; cf. Cat. m. hunc librum ad te de senectute misimus; Fin. 1, 8 libro quem ad me de virtute misisti; Div. 2, 3 liber is quem ad Atticum de senectute misimus; Att. 8, 12, 6 Demetri Magnetis librum quem ad te misit de concordia. For the collocation of the words cf. Tusc. 4, 66 eam rationem quae maxime probatur de bonis et malis, also De Or. 2, 61 libri qui sunt fere inscripti de.

induxi...persona: both words are connected with the stage. Inducere is literally 'to bring upon the boards' (cf. 59, l. 25): persona properly means a mask, here a type of character as we say. See my n. on Arch. 3, l. 13, also cf. Lael. 93, 1. 5; 100, l. 4, and for the general sense of the passage Att. 13, 19, 5 haec Academica, ut scis, cum Catulo Lucullo Hortensio contuleram. Sane in personas non cadebant; ib. 13, 16, I ecce tuae litterae de Varrone. Nemini visa est aptior 'Avriοxela ratio.

ΤΟ loqueretur: Cic. uses loqui (more rarely other verbs of speaking) very frequently when the subject is an abstract noun, as here persona practically is. So Fin. 2, 48 consuetudo loquitur; ib. 4, 41 institutio hominis si loqueretur; Acad. 2, 101 conclusio loquitur.

2 floruisset: at first sight this seems a reference to the physical and mental powers for which Cato was famous in advanced age. Cic., however, does not use florere in the sense of vigere; Nauck therefore is probably right in supposing the word to allude to the general worldly prosperity of Cato, indicated in Cat. m. 8.

maxime memorabilem: superlatives from adjectives in -bilis are rare. In 51, 1. 16 we have amabilissimum; Cato has stabilissimus, Columella mirabilissimum, and mobilissimus is common; these are all the instances which appear until post-Augustan times. Several adjectives of this class, as laudabilis probabilis flebilis, have comparatives, but no superlatives, in pre-Classical or Classical Latin.

R. L.

5

17

13

15

18

idonea: I thought Laelius a suitable character to expound the very views which had been maintained by him and recalled to mind by Scaevola'. Literally 'which, maintained by him, Sc. had recalled'. It is not necessary to supply esse so as to make this a case of the perfect infinitive after meminisset. Disputare aliquid (cf. n. on 1, 1. 6) often means not to discuss an opinion, but to put an opinion forward in discussion, and so to defend or maintain it; cf. n. on 8, 1. 21 respondere.

genus autem etc.: 'discourses of this kind seem, somehow or other, to acquire greater dignity when they rely on (lit. are founded on) the influence of ancient characters, particularly such as are renowned'. Observe genus hoc sermonum=sermones huius generis; cf. 12, p. 31, 1. 2 quo de genere mortis; 93, 1. 6 id genus amici.

mea: without scripta, as in Acad. 1, 8 nihil magno opere meorum miror. So 7, l. 12 omnia tua.

19

20

21

22

24

25

§ 5.

senem senex at the time the Cato maior was written Atticus was 65 and Cic. 60. Note the fondness of Cic. (as well as other Latins) for bringing into juxtaposition different cases of the same word. So De Or. 2, 310 rebus res and Lucr. 1, 359 res rebus; cf. also below, 25, 1. 10 iustitiam iustissimo.

hoc libro: this corresponds to tum above; nunc would have been more formally correct; so below, ll. 20, 21 tum...nunc.

scripsi de amicitia: it is not often that Cic. leaves out the object after scribere; above in 4, 1. 5 aliquid is added. Sometimes a qualifying adverb takes the place of the object, as Att. 9, 15, 5 quod scribis me asperius quam mei patiantur mores de Dionysio scripsisse. Here the phrase ad amicum amicissimus softens the construction. Cf. however Fam. 9, 16, I: 14, 2, 4.

senior-prudentior—sapiens—amicitiae gloria excellens. notice the order of the phrases, sapiens corresponding with prudentior, and senior with amicitiae gloria excellens; an instance of chiasmus; see n. on 23, 1. 10.

tu velim...avertas: we have here an incomplete conditional sentence, the apodosis only being given, while the protasis (something like si tu quoque velis, or si tibi idem cordi esset) is suppressed as in 24, p. 35, 1. 31 possent; also 51, 1. 23 sciam; 47, 1. 10 videas. When Cic. uses the subjunctive construction after volo he nearly always leaves out ut, as here. Remark also that the subject of the dependent verb, if expressed, always precedes the words velim, vellem, malim and the like, as in the present passage; cf. also Tusc. 5, 20 nos vellem praemio elicere possemus, and Fam. 15, 3, 2.

Laelium...putes: the omission of a conjunction to connect two clauses together is particularly common in Cic. when two clauses are contrasted, as here and below, ab his sermo oritur, respondet Laelius; cf. 49, 1. 32; 69, p. 50, 1. 5; 13, 1. 16; 19, 1. 29; 22, 1. 27; 90, 1. 18. In ll. 32, 33 however (below), the clauses are not contrasted, but parallel.

27

28

disputatio: here not 'discussion', but merely 'discourse'; cf. De Or. 2, 233 disputes quid sentias; also n. on 4, l. 13.

te ipse cognosces: 'you will recognise your own likeness'. Cf. 10, 1. 12 me ipse consolor; also 59, 1. 20; 80, 1. 4. In these places ipse, not ipsum, is put, because there is an implied contrast between the subject of the verb and other persons, so that ipse-kal avтós; here 'you yourself, as well as others'.

§ 6.

29 sunt ista: 'what you say is true'; sunt ista (čσTɩ Taûra) and sunt ista vera being equivalent expressions. The phrases esto (be it granted') and verum esto are frequently interchanged, as in Cic. Flacc. 71, 72, 95; cf. also N. D. 1, 60 quid non sit, quid sit; Acad. 1, 134 tum hoc mihi probabilius, tum illud videtur, et tamen nisi alterutrum sit, virtutem plane iacere puto. In two passages of the Academica containing esse or verum esse, MSS readings have been wrongly tampered with by editors. In 2, 10 dicam enim nec mea nec ea in quibus, si non fuerint, non vinci me malim quam vincere, there is not the slightest need to insert vera after fuerint; while in 1, 43 verum esse autem arbitror correctionem veteris Academiae putandam (sc. hanc rationem), it is altogether unnecessary to expunge either verum or autem, the sense being 'I believe it however to be true that the system should be looked upon as a reform of the Old Academy'.

30

e

existimare...existimant: the repetition is a mark of careless writing. oculos...coniectos: the cause is given at the end of § 7.

32 hoc: i.e. ut sapiens et appellaretur et existimaretur. For the tense of tribuebatur see n. on 37, 1. 2 videbamus.

33

I

modo: 'a little while since'; the expression is somewhat loose since Cato died in 149 B.C.; cf. the use of nuper in 13, l. 10; 24, l. 25.

L. Acilium supposed to be the person mentioned by Cic. Leg. 2, 59 as a commentator on the XII tables, and probably a contemporary of Cato. By some he is thought to be the person named by Liv. 40, 31, I as commander of the left wing of the Roman army at the battle of Aebura in 181 B. C. Some read in our passage L. Atilius, a name about which nothing is known.

P. 29.

uterque: sc. sapiens appellatus est or habuit hoc nomen sapientis.

alio quodam modo: 'in a somewhat different way'; understanding atque tu. Cf. 25, 1. 4 aliud quoddam; 7, 1. 6 and 74, l. 14 alio quodam modo; 27, P. 37, 1. 1. Quidam (like quasi in 3, p. 28, 1. 2) is often used to indicate that the word to which it is attached does not accurately represent the writer's meaning. In the passages quoted above quodam quoddam etc. indicate that alio aliud etc. are too strong for Cicero's meaning. On the other hand in 29, 1. 26; 45, l. 18; 75, 1. 21; 59, p. 46, I. 32 the parts of quidam used shew that Cicero cannot find terms strong enough, and that the terms used are only make-shifts. The indefinite Tis is used in the same two ways in Greek.

2

prudens in iure: Seyffert rightly points out that Cic. does not use prudens with a genitive. He might have added that the phrase iuris prudens (for iuris peritus or consultus) is not Latin, though iuris prudentia occurs, as in De Or. 1, 256, and though jurisconsults are styled prudentes. Cic. has imprudens with gen. in De inv. 2, 95, also prudens ad in pro Font. 43; and prudentia often both with gen. and with in and abl.

multarum rerum usum: 'a manifold experience'. Liv. 39, 40, 4 says of him nulla ars neque privatae neque publicae rei gerendae ei defuit. 3 habebat et multa: for the reading see Appendix. There is a change of construction in the sentence; the clause from Acilius to putabatur requires to be completed by supplying something like ergo appellatus est sapiens, while the clauses from Cato to ferebantur, which are parallel to the former clause, have their sense actually completed by the words from propterea to sapientes.

5

6

multa eius...ferebantur 'many instances where both in the senate and the forum he displayed either wise foresight, or firm conduct, or shrewdness in reply, were on every tongue'. The chief reference in responsa is to Cato's fame as a lawyer. According to old Roman custom he sat at home in the early morning, on purpose to resolve the legal difficulties of all who chose to consult him. This was technically called ius respondere. quasi: 'almost'; cf. n. on quasi, 3, p. 28, 1. 2.

iam: i.e. even before his death.

sapientis: observe this difference between Latin and English idiom; the Latins always say nomen iustitiae, vox fortitudinis, appellatio prudentis etc. where we use apposition-'the name justice', 'the word courage', 'the title skilful'. Ĉf. 92, 1. 30 nomen amicitiae and for the sense Čat. m. 5 (where Cato is speaking) sapientiam meam admirari soletis—quae utinam digna esset opinione vestra nostroque cognomine! Note that the same term cognomen is applied to the inherited third name Cato and to the acquired name sapiens. In late Latin agnomen was applied to the latter to mark the distinction.

§ 7.

te autem...esse sapientem: this clause was really intended to depend on existimant below, 1. 13, but owing to the great length of the sentence Cic. made a pause at iudicatum, and repeated the gist of the sentence down to that point in the words hanc...sapientiam, which are actually made to depend on existimant. The sentence is an example of change of construction or anacoluthia.

non solum...doctrina: here natura denotes the intellectual endowments with which a man is born, and mores his natural character; cf. 7, 1. 7; 27, p. 37, 1. 7. Studium or devotion to the pursuit of learning depends on mores, doctrina or attainment on this combined with natura. The two words natura and mores together comprise the whole natural endowments of a man, while studium and doctrina indicate his acquirements. Lahmeyer says that natura corresponds to studio and moribus to doctrina, but the following passage will prove him to be wrong: Academica 1,