PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASES OF END.

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16. III. Agency. The agent, instrument, or means of an action is indicated by the Prepositions-by, through, with; and by the phrasesby means of, by virtue of, through the instrumentality of, by help of, by means of, &c.

Wrested by violence; melted by heat; he succeeded through sheer impudence; dug up with a mattock; by means of minute investigation; by virtue of its healing qualities; through the instrumentality of powerful friends; by help of his advice; by force of steadfast attention.

17. IV. End, purpose, motive, or reason :for, from. Phrases :-out of, on account of, by way of, for the sake of, for the ends of, in consideration of, on the score of, from a regard to, with a view to, with an eye to, &c.

A struggle for life; And hearts that once beat high for praise; he was silent from bashfulness; he did it out of pure goodwill; he was pardoned on account of his youth; this was said by way of introduction; we will yield for the sake of peace; a knowledge of men is necessary for the ends of the orator; he was presented with a purse in consideration of his services; he was preferred on the score of his greater experience; the work was suppressed from a regard to the author's reputation; the house was furnished with a view to comfort; with an eye to the main chance.

18. V. Reference:-on, of, about, touching, concerning, with reference to, as for, as to, as regards, on the subject of, on the matter of, on the point of, in respect of, in the event of, in case of.

Burke wrote on the Sublime; I love the tales of other days; about this matter there can be no doubt; silence should be kept touching these matters; a law was passed con

cerning Trades-Unions; with reference to your letter of yesterday; as for me and my house; there was no question as to his ability; he is happy as regards his friends; a lecture was delivered on the subject of heat; in respect of age he was a suitable candidate; in the event of the enemy landing upon our shores; in case of his struggling, they had instructions to force him.

19. VI. Separation and Exclusion :-without, save, except, besides, setting aside, apart from, far from, but.

Without either money or credit; all save only Hermann; they all mutinied except the first mate; besides wealth, he had contentment; setting aside the consideration of means; apart from his good looks, he had little to recommend him; far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife; nothing remains on earth but fame.

20. VII. Inclination and Conformity :-for, according to, in accordance with, conformably to, in pursuance of.

For better or for worse; according to the practice of civilized nations; in accordance with the wishes of his father; conformably to the custom of the town; in pursuance of the new act.

21. VIII. Aversion, Opposition:—against, in spite of, in defiance of.

A speech against the repeal of the Union; he failed in spite of all his endeavours; in defiance of popular opinion.

22. IX. Substitution :-for, instead of, in room of, in place of, as a substitute for.

An eye for an eye; blessing instead of cursing; in room

QUESTIONS ON THE PREPOSITION.

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of his father; in place of the late incumbent; they used peat as a substitute for coals.

As an Exercise point out the prepositions occurring in previous Exercises.

Questions.

1. What is meant by calling the Preposition a word of relation? What classes of words are related, or connected, by the preposition?

2. What are the other Parts of Speech that are words of relation ?

3. What words, besides the noun, may be followed by a preposition?

4. When a preposition is followed by a Clause, how is it regarded?

5. Give the most simple and primitive prepositions.

6. What are the compound prepositions?

7. What prepositions are derived from Verbs?

8. Give some phrases used as Prepositions. How are these phrases usually made up?

9. What meaning attaches to the simple or primary prepositions? How does this meaning connect

them with Verbs? How does it connect them with Nouns ?

10. What are the prepositions that give the meanings of the case-endings in the classical languages?

11. What case, in the English noun, does 'of' answer to ? 12. What different meanings has of'? Which of them is found in the following examples:-the heat of the fire, the wing of the butterfly, the love of the child?

13. Give the meaning of 'to,' with examples.

14. Distinguish the meanings of 'for.'

15. What is the primary meaning of 'from '? How is this extended?

16. What is the meaning of 'by'?

17. Give the primary and the derived meanings of' with.' 18. Enumerate the Prepositions of PLACE, under the several heads. Show that direction of movement pervades them all.

19. What are the prepositions of TIME? Which of them are also prepositions of Place?

20. What prepositions express AGENCY? Which of them are borrowed from other meanings ?

21. What are the primary prepositions suited to express END or purpose? Give phrases signifying End.

22. Give prepositions and phrases of REFERENCE.

23. What is the chief preposition of SEPARATION? Give phrases.

24. How is INCLINATION expressed? How AVERSION? How SUBSTITUTION?

THE CONJUNCTION.

DEFINITION.

1. Conjunctions are words of relation, joining sentences together.

Like Prepositions, Conjunctions are unmeaning when they stand alone. They connect different sentences or affirmations, so as to show the mutual bearing of the sentences conjoined.

'We should not be too confident, for we are all fallible.' The two distinct sentences-'we should not be too confident,' 'we are all fallible '—are united by the conjunction 'for;' which also gives the mutual bearing of the two sentences,— namely, that the second is a reason for the first.

While the Preposition unites verbs to nouns, or nouns to nouns and adjectives, in the same sentence, the Conjunction unites different sentences:-bring the letter to me, and (conj.) I will answer it; he would have eaten husks, but (conj.) no one gave them to him.

Owing to abbreviations, conjunctions sometimes appear to join words in the same sentence :-John and I will see to it. This, however, is a contraction of two sentences-John will see to it, and I will see to it. I wish to see you but not him' is-I wish to see you, but I do not wish to see him. 'This has been done once and again '—this has been done once, and it has been done again. I would thou wert either cold or hot'-I would either that thou wert cold, or that thou wert hot.