RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

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16. Who is the Co-ordinating Relative of Persons.

'I called on Henry, who told me what happened.' This is the same as- -and he told me what happened. It is a pronoun and a conjunction (and) together.

The Duke of Wellington, who commanded the English armies in the Peninsula, never lost a battle.

Our Father, who art in heaven.

And Mitford, who was gradually displacing Gillies, was himself displaced by later historians, who excelled both.

17. Which is the Co-ordinating Relative of Things:-In the wood I cut a stout stick, which (and it) helped me on the road wonderfully.

The word of God, which is contained in the Scriptures, is the only rule.

'They gave a loud shout, which was heard across the river.' This is the same as-and it was heard.

The English nation, which never ceased to desire liberty, is an example to other nations.

'Which may refer back to a whole clause, like the Demonstrative Pronoun 'it':-'I turned off to the right hand, which led me astray.' The reference of which' is not 'hand,' but the fact expressed by the whole clause,

He then dissolved the Parliament; which was his favourite plan for meeting their demands.

18. That is the relative of Restriction, for both Persons and Things: The man that I called on;' 'the spring that I passed on the way.'

The saying-that I called on-restricts or points out the man intended. The spring that I passed on the way, is pointed out or restricted by this circumstance, namely, I passed it on the way.

'Kean was the best actor that I ever saw.' The class 'actor' is here under a two-fold restriction; the phrase 'that I ever saw' is the equivalent of an adjective (called an adjective clause) and limits actors to those seen by me. The second limitation is the adjective 'best,' which singles out one individual actor.

'One of the wisest men who ever lived,' is not correct; say, 'that ever lived.'

Man is the only animal that can be both sociable and solitary.

It was a peace that everybody was glad of, and that nobody was proud of.

I love everything that's old.

The Post-office intimation beginning-Letters which contain coin-would be better thus-Letters that contain coin. The intention is to restrict the class 'Letters,' to those letters containing coin.

Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.

Man seems the only growth that dwindles here.

The only kind of nobility that becomes a philosopher, is the rank that he holds in the esteem of his fellows, who are the best judges of his merits.' The two first relatives are properly restrictive (that); the last is co-ordinating (who).

In modern style, 'Who' and 'Which' are often used for restriction instead of 'That'-the relative preferred by the old

EQUIVALENTS FOR RELATIVES.

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writers. In conversation, the restrictive meaning is more frequently expressed by 'that.' 'You are welcome to any book that I have.' 'The boy that you see there will show you the way.'

19. What often stands for that which,' 'thethat: -That which you propose, the thing that you propose, what you propose-is reasonable.

Man sometimes loathes what (the thing that) he imitates.
We become fond of what we have often benefitted.
We may understand what we could not have found out.

20. As, preceded by Such, has the force of the restrictive relative, applying to both persons and things.

It is a pleasing show to such as care for these things; I can always find there such articles as I want.

This is a contracted form. The full expression is-such articles as the articles that I want.

21. The word But serves as a relative in certain constructions:-'there was not a man of them but shook for dread,' for 'there was not a man of them that did not shake for dread.'

22. The adverb When answers the purpose of the restrictive relative, especially with a noun of time as the antecedent :-'It is the hour when from the boughs the nightingale's high note is heard.'

'When' is not always restrictive; sometimes it is coordinating. 'The day of trial will come, when all will be different.' When is here equivalent to 'and then.'

23. Where is used as a relative when the antecedent denotes place:-'This is the very spot where we stood two years ago.'

'Where' is sometimes co-ordinating, though oftener restrictive. On my way back, I called at the inn, where I found a pack of rough fellows drinking beer.' 'Where' is here equivalent to 'and there.'

24. Whence is occasionally used as a relative of place :-' he returned to the place whence he' came,' instead of 'from which he came,' or 'that he came from.'

25. Whither is used in like manner in the sense of 'to a place;' as 'They went out not knowing whither,'

26. The compound forms whoever, whoso, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, whatever, whatsoever, whenever, whensoever, wherever, wheresoever, whithersoever, whencesoever-have a certain Indefinite meaning, and have their antecedents often left unexpressed: thus,' whoever said it,' means 'any person that said it; whoso is prudent; whatever you say to the contrary; wherever, whithersoever you go, I will follow.'

27. IV. Interrogative Pronouns who, which, what.

Who applies to persons and is entirely indefinite :- Who goes there?' supposes complete ignorance of the person referred to.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

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28. Which, unlike its use as a Relative, applies to persons as well as to things.

Its peculiar force is selective. It supposes a known class or group, and inquires the particular individual or individuals: Which of you will go with me?'' Which am I to take?'

29. What and Whatever refer exclusively to things:- What say you?' Whatever is the matter with the boy?'

When 'what' refers to persons, it is followed by a noun : 'what man, what Roman, would be dragged in triumph 'Whatever' has the same usage.

thus ?'

The words when,' 'where,' 'whence,' 'whither,' may be used for asking questions; they are the Adverbial Interrogatives.

Exercise 7.

Examples containing Pronouns.

1. Even the wisest cannot, while a revolution is still recent, weigh quite fairly the evils that it has caused against the evils that it has removed.

2. How doth the city sit solitary, that was full of people! How is she become as a widow !

3. They say that the Prince leaves this to-morrow : would you have believed it?

4. The Emperor Nicholas, in 1854, ordered his troops to cross the Pruth, which was to invade Turkey.

5. This is what might be expected.

6. Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my cause; and be silent that you may hear. As Cæsar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him.