adverb of present time; others are-to-day, instantly, presently, still, forthwith, henceforth. (2.) Time past:-before, heretofore, hitherto, already, lately, once, yesterday. (3.) Time future:-hereafter, afterwards, soon, henceforth, presently, immediately, to-morrow, no more. (4.) Adverbs also express Duration of time and Repetition: ever, never, always, aye, often, seldom, rarely, occasionally, frequently, continually, continuously, incessantly, perpetually, again, once, twice, daily, monthly, annually, periodically. Then and when may be described as Relative adverbs of time. They express time not absolutely but with reference to some time otherwise given. They are equivalent to the pronominal phrases-' at that time,' 'at what time?' 4. III. Adverbs of Degree, or Measure :-much, little, very, far, exceedingly. The adverbs so, as, and too, are used to express degree or measure by comparison with something else. These adverbs are peculiarly important. The prize-ox was so fat that he could hardly walk. The ship was as big as a Too good to be true. first-rate man-of-war. 5. Adverbs of Degree may be used to qualify Adjectives and other Adverbs:-very rich; exceed· ingly moderate; thoroughly well. 'Rich' and 'moderate' are adjectives; 'well' is an adverb. Both Adjectives and Adverbs of Quality may be varied for Degree. This variation is made in one way by their ADVERBS OF MANNER. 85 comparison; in another way by adverbs of degree or measure. Adverbs qualifying Adjectives :-Slightly red; scarcely hot; tremendously bad. Adverbs qualifying Adverbs :-very patiently; far more resolutely; so kindly; much less warily. 6. IV. Adverbs of Belief and Disbelief, or Certainty and Uncertainty: as-truly, surely, certainly, nay, not, not so. 7. V. Adverbs of Cause and Effect: astherefore, wherefore, why. 8. VI. Adverbs of Manner or Quality: aswell, ill, gently, boldly, disagreeably, rapidly. As with adjectives, this is the class that includes the great body of adverbs. 9. Adverbial Phrases. Phrases, made up of a preposition and a noun, are used as Adverbs :the enemy set the town on fire; speak in point, to the point. The phrases may be compound. The noun may be qualified by an Adjective:-they came in great haste; we worked to no purpose; the trial ended on the third day. There may be a succession of prepositional phrases :-in point of fact; according to this rate of speed; by means of a summary proceeding at law; to all intents and purposes. Examples of Adverbial Phrases. To express Place :-in the house; behind the door; towards the river; from the South. To express Time :-in the twinkling of an eye; at the close of the day; after twenty years. To express Degree :-in a great measure; by little and little; to a small extent; in a high degree. To express Belief and Disbelief :-by all manner of means; without a doubt; on no account; not a jot. To express Cause and Effect :-by means of his wealth, through the medium of a lawyer, by dint of perseverance, to their own disadvantage, with the happiest effect. To express Manner or Quality :—in the top of his glory; in sickness or in sorrow; with fondness; with fire and fury, &c. &c. The Adverbial Phrases of manner and quality are innumerable. The following are select classes of Adverbs of Quality (words and phrases.) Life and Death-In life, above ground, at death's door, at the point of death. Pleasure and Pain:-Acutely, sharply, pungently, sensibly, feelingly, pleasurably, joyfully, delightfully, daintily, sweetly, tenderly, painfully, miserably, disastrously, agonizingly, frigidly, horribly, bitterly, sourly. In rapture, in love, in joy, in misery, in pain, in a glow, in a fever, in a horrible plight, in danger, in distress, in an agony of grief, in a transport of joy, in a frenzy of despair, with indifference, with an air of melancholy, in a merry fit. Sound:-Sonorously, loudly, vociferously, quietly, silently, stilly, noiselessly, inaudibly, obstreperously, boisterously, clamorously, harmoniously, tunefully, melodiously, diseordantly, jarringly, gratingly. At the top of one's voice, with a loud shout, in full cry, with jarring sound, in rough accents, with loud acclaim, with a wild whoop, in a stage whisper, in winning tones, with a soft cadence, in tune, out of tune, in a high key, at a different pitch. ADVERBIAL PHRASES. 87 Speech-Explicitly, distinctly, intelligibly, literally, lucidly, plainly, learnedly, expressively, simply, legibly, obviously, truly, openly, publicly, graphically, metaphorically, figuratively, drily, infallibly, pointedly, obscurely, vaguely, ambiguously, abstrusely, falsely, inexplicably, dogmatically, diplomatically, evasively, deceptively, hypocritically. In plain terms, in honest truth, in dark hints, in mysterious oracles, with learned phrase, with effective elocution, in affected language, in sportive vein, 'in King Cambyses' vein,' with artless eloquence, with great tact. The above list shows that adverbs are nearly all derived from Adjectives, by adding the syllable ly:-plain, plainly. Hence these examples also furnish corresponding Adjectives. On the other hand, the classes of Adjectives of Quality (p. 64) furnish corresponding Adverbs. Although all Adjectives cannot be changed into Adverbs, a good many can. 10. The Adverbial phrase sometimes appears with the preposition dropt:-they rode home; he was out all day. These are abbreviated expressions for-towards home, during all the day. It is in such cases that Nouns are said to be used as Adverbs. 11. Adverbial Clauses are extensively used in place of adverbs :-tarry till I come; he was as fresh as is the month of May. These are fully exemplified in the ANALYSIS OF SEN TENCES. 12. Sometimes Adjectives appear to be used as Adverbs. (1.) Certain words are both Adjectives and Ad verbs; as-ill, much, more, most, little, first, soft, fast, clean. (2.) The Adjectives that accompany Incomplete Verbs are apt to be regarded as Adverbs :-stand firm; he sits silent; the broken sheds looked sad and strange; the moon shines bright. These are properly Adjectives. Errors in using the Adjective for the Adverb. Unless in special instances, the use of an Adjective to qualify a verb, / another adjective, or an adverb, is an error:remarkable strong, for-remarkably strong. Two adjectives of quality may go together, as—' a tall, handsome man,' which means a man both tall and handsome. Exercise 12. The Adverb. 1. America was discovered by Columbus in the year 1492. 2. By studying economy I live like a lord. 3. He sang as merrily as a lark on a spring morning. 5. Only the noble lift willingly with their whole strength 6. He performed his business cheerfully and with despatch. 7. Half-a-league onward. 8. Cannon to right of them, cannon to left of them. 9. Somewhere, I knew not where-somehow, I knew 10. They tug, they strain, down, down they go, |