applicant: cf. 27, p. 36, 1. 32 applicatione animi; 48, 1. 28 se animus applicat.

usu: =consuetudine familiarity,' 'society'; cf. above, 1. 6; 76, p. 52, 1. 3.

pares et aequales: so 56, p. 46, 1. 2 pariter aequaliterque; Orat. 123 par et aequalis oratio; De Or. 1, 83 virtutes esse inter se aequalis et paris. The word aequalis means properly 'even', or 'on the same level', par 'having the same quantity or size'; but in their secondary applications the two words become convertible; cf. Orat. 205 imparibus an aequalibus. For the expression in amore pares cf. Propert. I, 1, 32 sitis et in tuto semper amore pares and for the sense § 69 sq. with the nn. bene merendum: 26, 1. 22 meritis.

haec concertatio: huius rei or de hac re concertatio; cf. n. on 2, 1. 13

eum sermonem.

quam ab imbecillitate: =quam si ab imbecillitate esset; for the brevity of the expression cf. n. on 27, p. 37, 1. 6 similis sensus amoris. Quam not seldom in Cic. precedes the comparative; e.g. Off. 1, 75 quamvis sit eius nomen quam Solonis illustrius.

gravior: 'more dignified'. Cf. 26, 1. 24 antiquior et pulchrior et magis a natura profecta causa.

conglutinaret: a metaphor of which Cic. is extremely fond; so conglutinare voluntates (Fam. 11, 27, 2); rem dissolutam (De Or. 1, 188); hominem (Cat. m. 72), amicitias (as here in Att. 7, 8, 1); concordiam (Att. 1, 17, 10); also Phil. 3, 28 totus ex vitiis conglutinatus; Cic. too alone of Latin writers uses conglutinatio. The simple verb glutinare is found only in silver Latin.

eadem dissolveret: cf. Aristot. Eth. Nic. 8, 4, 2 oi dè dià Tò Xρńσιμον ὄντες φίλοι ἅμα τῷ συμφέροντι διαλύονται· οὐ γὰρ ἀλλήλων ἦσαν φίλοι, ἀλλὰ τοῦ λυσιτελοῦς.

verue amicitiae: cf. 22, p. 34, 1. 32 with n.

nisi quid ad haec: sc. dicere 'unless you have anything to say on this subject'. Laelius was about to proceed 'now let us turn to another part of our subject' when Fannius interrupts. Cf. closely Tusc. 2, 42 de exercitatione et consuetudine et commentatione dixi. Age sis nunc de ratione videamus, nisi quid vis ad haec; ib. 4, 46 exspecto quid ad ista; ib. 3, 78 ad Epicuri consolationem satis est ante dictum; Ñ.D. 1, 19 longum est ad omnia. See other exx. of ellipses of verba dicendi in n.

on I, 1. 10.

tu vero perge: yes, do go on'. So Academ. 1, 18 tu vero, inquit, perge, Varro; De Or. 2, 124 tu vero, inquit, Antoni, perge ut instituisti.

pro hoc...respondeo: so Acad. 1, 33 nos vero volumus, ut pro Attico respondeam...Et recte, inquit, respondes; Brut. 122 nobis vero, inquit Atticus, et vehementer quidem (sc. placet) ut pro Bruto etiam respondeam.

qui minor est natu: cf. Acad. 2, 61 te, hominem amicissimum et aliquot annis minorem natu non dubitabo monere.

meo iure: 'as I have a right to do'; lit. 'by a right that is mine'.

33

§ 33.

recle tu quidem: the same ellipse in 8, 1. 27; cf. also the passages quoted on 1. 31.

P. 39.

I audite vero: so De Or. 2, 28 et ille: audite vero, audite inquit.

2

5

6

7

9

optimi viri: a form of address which is commonly ironical, though not so here. In Cat. m. 39 Cato addresses Scipio and Laelius as optimi adulescentes.

quamquam ille quidem: Kalтoι èKeîvós ye; cf. 97, p. 58, 1. 5. Quamquam seems to imply that Laelius did not altogether agree with Scipio on this subject.

expediret: sc. utrique: sentiretur: sc. ab utroque.

saepe: probably to be taken with mutari, not with dicebat (cf. 1. 9 saepe deponerentur), so that alias...alias is an expansion or explanation of saepe. For alias see n. on 1, l. 10.

aetate ingravescente: 'as age grows burdensome'.

earum rerum etc.: he obtained an instance in support of such changes by comparing the early days of life, since etc.'. In exemplum capiebat ex similitudine there is the same kind of pleonasm as above, 1. 8 sunt causae diligendi profectae.

praetexta toga: n. on 1, 1. 4. [Cf. Ar. Eth. 8, 3, 4 and 9, 3.]

§ 34.

perduxissent: sc. pueri amicitiam: cf. Cat. m. 60 nec aetas impedit quo minus agri colendi studia teneamus. M. quidem Valerium Corvinum accepimus ad centesimum annum produxisse (sc. studia agri colendi).

II contentione condicionis: for the construction cf. n.

13

14

on 37, 1. 16. Condicio (conditio is a mistaken spelling of the word) often means a proposal or agreement to marry ('a match') even without the addition of uxoria; Nep. Att. 12, 1 nullius condicionis non habere potestatem.

quod si etc.. but if they had lived on in friendship to a later time'. labefactari: sc. amicitiam, which is probably also the subject of dirimi above, though Seyffert makes the subject of both infinitives to be the same as the subject of perduxissent. It would be possible to use dirimi of persons, but scarcely labefactari with the sense to be rendered changeful'.

15 amicitiis: a dativus commodi' like sibi in 11, 1. 22. Cf. Off. 2, 9 consuetudo...honestatem ab utilitate secernens...qua nulla pernicies maior hominum vitae potuit afferri.

16 optimis quibusque: so Arch. 26 optimus quisque gloria maxime ducitur. The love of fame is 'the last infirmity of noble minds'. In optimis quibusque we have a very rare usage. The best writers use only the neuter plural of quisque, and that with a superlative adjective (cf. 67, 1. 20 veterrima quaeque), not the masc. or fem. plurals. In Cicero (putting aside Fam. 7, 33, 2 litteras longissimas quasque as exceptional

18

19

20

22

23

24

25

26

28

because litterae in the sense of an epistle has no singular) we have only one passage like the present, viz. Off. 2, 75 leges, et proximae quaeque duriores. A glance at that passage will shew that the reading proximae quaeque makes poor sense; I propose to read proxima―‘laws, and harsher, each of them, than its predecessor'. In our passage quibusque may be used as exáoтos is often in Greek, to mean ' each set of people'; or the plural may be due merely to assimilation with plerisque. It may further be mentioned that Cicero does not use expressions like bonus quisque, or melior quisque, except when the comparative is preceded by quo (quo quisque melior).

discidia: n. on 23, 1. 16.

§ 35.

iusta: i. e. with good reason on one side or the other.

cum...postularetur: for this subjunctive see Roby § 1722, Kennedy

§ 211.

libidinis ministri: Liv. 3, 44, 6 minister decemviri libidinis.

adiutores ad: the common construction of adiutor in Cic. is with a genitive of the thing wherein aid is given (but dative of the person to whom aid is given, as in 42, p. 42, I. 2); cf. however Flacc. I adiutor ad rem perficiendam. Adiuvare ad, adiumentum ad often occur.

quod etc.: since those who declined, however honourable their action was, were by those whom they refused to obey charged with disregarding the claims of friendship'. Madvig, Em. Liv. p. 417 ed. 2, seems to misunderstand this passage, through taking quod as the neuter pronoun, instead of the conjunction; so others, Halm included.

deserere: for the infinitive dependent on the personal arguerentur instead of the impersonal construction argueretur eos deserere, cf. n. on 9, p. 29, 1. 32 ut videris; also Rosc. Am. 37 Roscius arguitur occidisse patrem; also quaeruntur in 16, 1. 21; constituendi sunt in 56, p. 45, 1. 30; perspiciuntur in 63, 1. 5.

quidvis: anything and everything'.

omnia: not different in sense from quidvis above. Cf. Att. 9, 18, 3 ad omnia descensurum ('would stick at nothing').

inveterata: 'undying'; often used with ira, odium etc.

sempiterna: in contrast to amicitiae sempiternae in 32, 1. 29.

haec etc. these almost destined ends threaten friendships, he said, in such numbers that etc.'. Quasi merely modifies the metaphor (n. on 3, p. 28, 1. 2); fatum is used very much in its poetical sense of mors or interitus.

diceret sibi videri: these words take the place of esset, which would be used if the sentence were entirely logical. Cf. De Or. 2, 278 illud Siculi cui cum familiaris quidam quereretur quod diceret uxorem suam suspendisse se de ficu... Similar examples are exceedingly common in Cicero; see some in Roby § 1746. [Cf. Madv. on Fin. 4, 17.1

29

§ 36.

quatenus etc.. this paragraph is really inconsistent with § 18 where Laelius says sentio nisi in bonis amicitiam esse non posse. Trans. here 'how far affection should lead us to proceed in dealing with friendship'. Cf. 56, p. 45, l. 30 qui sint in amicitia fines et quasi termini diligendi; and for progredi 34, 1. 13 in amicitia provecti: the limits of friendly service are discussed also in Off. 3, 43.

30 numne: a rare form, found in N. D. 1, 88 quid? deum ipsum numne vidisti?

32

I

2

3

4

6

Vecellinum...Maelium: nn. on § 28.

§ 37. P. 40.

vexantem: Cicero uniformly speaks of the Gracchi as traitors and iure caesi.

Tuberone: son of a sister of Africanus minor; plebeian tribune in 133; a great opponent of Gracchus; a strict Stoic.

aequalibus amicis: 'those of his contemporaries who were his friends'. Carbo and Cato, mentioned at the end of § 39, were only prope aequales (Brut. 96).

videbamus: the imperfect because referred to vexantem; we saw him during the whole of his seditious action'; cf. 6, p. 28, l. 32 tribuebatur. [Cf. my n. on Cato m. 49.]

Cumanus...hospes: Cumae did not receive the Roman franchise till after the Social War. The Blosii or Blossii were a noble family at Cumae (Cic. leg. agr. 2, 93; Liv. 23, 7, 8; 27, 3, 5). This member of the family was a Stoic philosopher and pupil of Antipater of Tarsus.

aderam...in consilio: 'was present as one of the advisers to...' The consilium was a most important institution both in the public and private life of the Romans. There was deeply ingrained in the Roman mind a feeling that no person having serious business to transact, whether private or official, ought to proceed without taking the opinion of those best qualified to advise him. The body of advisers is the consilium. The senate was the consilium of the king, and then became the standing consilium of the consuls. Officials exercising judicial functions generally summoned to their aid leading lawyers; in the case here mentioned, as the trials were political, statesmen of experience were resorted to.

Laenati...Rupilio: consuls of the year 132 when the enquiry into the acts of Gracchus and his followers took place. For Rupilius cf. § 73 and Introd. p. 19. Of Laelius Val. Max. 4, 7, I says consilio eius consules (Rupilius and Laenas) praecipue utebantur.

fecisset...putaret: faceret could not have been written because Gracchus was dead, but the mind having once been carried back to the past, it is permissible to use the imperfects vellet and putaret to denote that so long as Gracchus continued to live, the opinion of Blossius continued as here described.

9 videtis quam nefaria vox: for the omission of sit cf. Off. 1, 152 comparatio de duobus, utrum honestius. Seyffert, and after him Lahmeyer and Nauck, makes the words quam nefaria vox interjectional and not dependent on videtis. Cf. also n. on 96, 1. 24.

12

13

dixit: sc. se fuisse facturum.
temeritati: 'infatuation'.

comitem...ducem: cf. 96, 11. 19, 20; Fam. 10, 3, 2 duce natura comite fortuna; Balb. 9 non duces sed comites; Flacc. 5; Marcell. 11.

illius furoris : n. on 30, p. 38, 1. 5 virtutis eius.

hac amentia etc.: observe that in this sentence the clauses are not connected by particles. The omission is intentional, suiting the haste of Blossius. Hac amentia = 'in this mad state'.

quaestione nova: 'special court of enquiry'. For nova is usually written (with quaestio) extra ordinem, or extraordinaria.

in Asiam...ad hostis: he joined Aristonicus, the pretender to the throne of Pergamus, then in arms against the Romans. When Aristonicus was finally defeated, Blossius committed suicide, as his Stoic tenets permitted him to do.

14 rei publicae: the country is the offended party, and the penalty is regarded as a debt due to it.

15 peccati: a stronger word than culpa; a translation of the Stoic ἁμαρτήματος = sin.

16

18

19

20

22

si...peccaveris: 'if you have sinned in the interest of your friend, that is no justification of your sin'.

conciliatrix: Cic. is particularly fond of these feminine nouns in -trix, many of which he manufactured himself; he frequently applies them, as here, to inanimate objects; cf. 89, p. 56, 1. 8 assentatio adiutrix. Conciliatrix occurs in Plautus in the sense of 'match-maker'.

virtutis opinio: cf. 98, 1. 11; 30, p. 38, l. 5 opinione; also §§ 28, 29. For virtutis de virtuté cf. 34, 1. 11 contentio condicionis· also n. on 20, P. 34, l. I.

§ 38.

si statuerimus...si símus: double protasis; less awkward here than in many passages, because the quidem marks out the second protasis as distinctly subordinate to the first. Cf. pro imp. Cn. Pomp. 59 qui cum ex vobis quaereret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri...

perfecta sapientia etc.: cf. closely §§ 18, 100.

res etc.: 'the practice would lead to no wrong'. Vitium here almost =culpa.

vita communis: 'everyday life', as in 18, 1. 8.

ex hoc numero: =ex horum numero, the latter being a form of expression which Cic. very rarely uses. In De Or. 2, 56 we have ex eorum