BOOK THE FIRST DE OFFICIIS] Gr. περὶ τοῦ καθήκοντος, more rarely περὶ καθηκόντων, as in Lucian Hermot. § 82, Aul. Gell. N. A. 1. c. 13. Cicero tells us himself why he prefers the title de officiis to de officio (Ep. ad Attic. XVI 11, § 2), Tà Tерì TоÛ KaÐÝKOνTOS, quatenus Panaetius, absolvi duobus...Quod de inscriptione quaeris, non dubito quin κа0ĥкov officium sit, nisi quid tu aliud; sed inscriptio plenior de officiis.' IIpoopwvw autem Ciceroni filio. Visum est non ȧvolketov. It agrees better with Cicero's treatment of the subject of 'moral duties,' inasmuch as these vary with a man's social position and other circumstances which he considers in this treatise, see 1 § 122125, compare also III § 77 virum bonum...cum ca res innumerabilibus officiis et laudibus contineretur. CHAPTER I. P. 3 § 1, 1. 1. annum iam audientem] Cicero sent his son to Athens about the first of April B.C. 45, as he tells us in a letter to Atticus written the next year (xv 15), in which speaking of his son he writes scripsit að Tironem sibi post Kal. April.-sic enim annuum tempus confici-nihil datum esse. As Cicero speaks in the text of his son annum iam audientem Cratippum, it is inferred that he began this Treatise in the spring or early in the summer of B.C. 44, two or three months at most after the assassination of Caesar. On the other hand, the following reasons may be given for believing that the treatise was not commenced until the autumn of the same year. (1) In the very frequent letters of this period, which give us a full account almost of the daily occupations of Cicero, there is no mention of a work de officiis until Oct. 24 (Ep. ad Att. XV 13). (2) Cicero implies (Off. III § 121) that this book was intended as a substitute for the instruction which he had designed giving his son in person at Athens. It may be supposed therefore that it was written after the project of visiting Greece was abandoned. Now we learn from Ep. ad Att. XVI 7 that having set out on a voyage, he was driven back to the vicinity of Rhegium on the 6th of August, and was induced to give up his visit to his son and return to Rome by the representations of his friends that a favourable change in public affairs had taken place, and that his presence was demanded. He reached the Capitol on the last day of August, and having on September the 2nd delivered his first Philippic, retired soon after to his villa at Puteoli. Here he spent the months of October and November, and is supposed to have employed himself in writing this work. It is agreed that it was finished before the ninth of December. A. W. Zumpt suggests that the disagreement may be reconciled by supposing that the young Cicero, although he left home on the first of April, did not for some time actually commence his attendance on the instructions of Cratippus; and further, that Cicero does not intend to speak with exactness in using the words annum iam audientem. On the adjectival use of audientem see Madvig Gr. § 289 a, and for the accusative annum to specify duration of time, ib. § 235. 1. 2. Cratippum] An eminent Peripatetic philosopher, born at Mitylene, where he consoled Pompey after his flight from the battle of Pharsalia (Plutarch v. Pomp. p. 659 c. 75). When Cicero visited Cilicia, Cratippus met him at Ephesus and obtained through his intercession with Caesar the Roman franchise. On coming to Athens he was requested, at the instance also of Cicero, by the Areopagites to open a school there (Plutarch v. Cicer. p. 873 c. 24). He wrote a treatise de divinatione and somniorum interpretatione (Cic. de div. I c. 3, II c. 48 sqq., Tertullian de anima II c. 46). Cicero's opinion of him may be learned from 1 § 3, where he is spoken of as princeps huius aetatis philosophorum, and III § 5 principe huius memoriae philosophorum. Again in 11 § 8 Cic. says that he deserved to be ranked with the greatest men of his school is simillimo qui ista praeclara pepererunt and de div. 1 § 5 Cratippus familiaris noster quem ego parem summis Peripateticis iudico, also de div. 11 § 107 veniamus ad optimum virum, familiarem nostrum Cratippum. Young Cicero seems to have been much attached to him. In a letter to Tiro (Ep. ad Fam. XVI 21) he writes Cratippo me scito non ut discipulum sed ut filium esse coniunctissimum ; nam et audio illum libenter, tum etiam propriam eius suavitatem vehementer amplector. Sum totos dies cum eo noctisque saepenumero partem: exoro enim ut mecum quam saepissime cenet. Hac introducta consuetudine, saepe inscientibus nobis et cenantibus obrepit sublataque severitate philosophiae humanissime nobiscum iocatur. Quare da operam ut hunc talem tam iucundum tam excellentem virum videas quam primum. He was his travelling companion in Asia (ad Fam. XII 16). idque] =κal Taûra ' and that too,' Zumpt Gr. § 699. abundare oportet praeceptis institutisque philosophiae] 'you cannot fail to be well supplied with the practical rules and lessons of philosophy.' Beier thus paraphrases the passage: 'Aliter non potuit quin aemulatio tua incenderetur, cum Athenis, in litterarum emporio, quo tamquam ad mercaturam bonarum artium tot iuvenes discendi cupidi humanitatisque studia sectantes confluxerunt, horum σvμpiλoσopoúvrwv et doctrinae eruditionisque aemulorum laudabilia exempla intuerere.' 1. 5. quorum] Madv. Gr. 214 b, 315 a. 1. 6. ad meam utilitatem] not i.q. cum mea utilitate, with my own improvement as a consequence,' but for my own improvement as an end.' 1. 7. semper] i. e. not merely when a young student. Comp. Brut. XC § 310: Commentabar declamitans......saepe cum M. Pisone et cum Q. Pompeio aut cum aliquo cotidie; idque faciebam multum etiam latine, sed gracce saepius, vel quod graeca oratio plura ornamenta suppeditans consuetudinem similiter latine dicendi afferebat, vel quod a graecis summis doctoribus, nisi graece dicerem, neque corrigi possem neque doceri. id...feci] h. e. cum graecis latina coniunxi, by speaking and writing on philosophy in Latin and Greek for his oratorical studies, comp. Brut. § 310 commentabar declamitans-idque faciebam multum etiam latine, sed graece saepius. 1. 9. ut ipse-idem tibi] For the sequence ut-idem instead of ut-sic quoque cp. de leg. 11 § 14 sed ut vir doctissimus fecit Plato,-id mihi credo esse faciendum: de fin. IV § 34 ut Phidias potest a primo instituere signum idque perficere, potest ab alio incohatum accipere et |