No. 5.

The Evidence of Sarah Kay.

SARAH KAY, sworn. Examined by MR. ERSKINE.

Q. You are the wife of the last witness?

A. Yes, last Michaelmas it is twenty-six or twenty-seven years. since.

Q. You remember, then, I suppose, when he worked for Highs?

A. Yes, I remember his making a small model.

Q. When did you see or know any thing about rollers, by which cotton is spun?

A. That was about the beginning of the year 1763.

Q. Where did you first see it?

A. At a place called Leigh.
Q. Who had them?

A. Mr. Highs had them.

Q. Do you remember your husband getting any models made of those?

A. That one I remember, and one that he made for Arkwright-He made one

for Highs, and then he made one for Mr. Arkwright.

Q. Do you remember when he made the model for Highs?

A. In the year 1763.

Q. Do you remember when he made the model for Arkwright?

A. At the time of Bourgoyne's election.

Q. How do you know it was for Arkwright that he made the model?

A. My husband told me so.

Q. You have seen Arkwright and him together?

A. Yes, all the day over.

Q. About the time he was getting this model made?

A. Yes.

Q. And had he this model at the time, to take with him?

A. Yes, he asked whether he would make him a small model at a small expence.

Q. You saw them together all day?

A. Yes, after he had made the first model, he took it off with him some where or other, and came back to my husband, and asked if he could make another.

Q. He took it off somewhere or other, and came back to your husband, and asked him if he could make him another?

A. Yes.

Q. Was there another made?

A. Yes.

Q. Did you see this model of the rollers for drawing the cotton thread?
A. Yes, for spinning.

Cross examined by MR. CHAMBRE.

Q. You are sure it was in 1763?

A. In 1763, my husband and Mr. Highs began it.

Mr. Erskine.-Q. When was the first model you ever saw?

A. That my husband made for Mr, Highs.

Q. When was that?

A. In the year 1763.*

Q. Now, when was it he made the model for Arkwright?

A. In the year 1767.

* When Sarah Kay said her Husband and Highs began to make a model in 1763, she alluded to the Jenny, and her evidence corroborates the statement of Thomas Leather. The Jenny was made in 1763, or 1764, the Water-frame in 1767. She saw her Husband and Highs at work on a Spinning Machine in 1763, and probably thought it was the same her husband shewed to Arkwright in 1767.

EXPLANATIONS OF THE PLATES.

PLATE 1. Distaff Spinning.

PLATE 2. Peg Warping.

THE threads of the warp were divided by the pegs, each alternate thread going under the centre peg, and the succeeding thread over it. This division of the threads, called the lesse, was preserved during the weaving. At the other end of the warp the threads were passed round two pegs in a similar manner.

The cotton after being combed or carded between the hand cards, was scraped off them in rolls about twelve inches long, and three-quarters of an inch in diameter. These rolls, called cardings, were drawn out into rovings on the hand wheel. In figure 2 the cardings are represented lying across the knee of the rover. From the spindle of figure 2 the rovings were taken to figure 3, to be spun into weft. In figure 3 the roving lies in the lap of the spinner. On the spindle of figure 3, the weft was finally prepared for the weaver. In roving, the cardings were drawn out in an angle of forty or forty-five degrees from the point of the spindle; in spinning, the rovings were drawn out nearly in a right angle. The Hand Wheel was first used in the woollen manufacture.

The warp is wound upon the yarn beam A; the less is carefully preserved by rods B; one half of the threads pass through one heald, and the other half through the other. The healds C are looped in the middle, and the threads of the warp go through the loops. From the healds the warp passes through the reed D, which is fixed in a moveable frame called the lathe, E. A cross-piece, F. on the upper part of the lathe rests on each side of the loom, and the lathe swings on this cross-piece. The weaver sits on the seat G, and with his foot presses down one of the treddles H, which raises one of the healds and each alternate thread of the warp. The weaver holds the picking peg in his right hand, and with it drives the shuttle from one side of the lathe to the other, between and across the threads of the warp. The shuttle passes between the reed and the weaver, and leaves behind it a shoot of weft; by pulling the lathe towards him with his left hand this shoot of weft is driven close to the cloth made by former casts of the shuttle. The cloth is wound upon the cloth beam I.

FIGURE 2.

The Lathe used when the Shuttle was thrown by the Hand.
FIGURE 3. Mr. Kay's Lathe.

K The reed; L L iron rods; M M moveable slides which work on the rods from N to 0, and are fastened to the picking peg by a string 2, RR boxes on each side of the lathe to contain the shuttle. The shuttle is placed

in one of the boxes, and the weaver by a sudden jerk with the picking peg moves the slide from N to 0, and drives the shuttle along the sled or shuttle race S, into the box on the other side.

FIGURE 4. The Shuttle.

TT Wheels on which the shuttle moves along the sled. U The weft, fixed in the shuttle upon a skewer. As the shuttle flies across the warp the weft unrols from the skewer and runs through a small hole V in the side of the shuttle.

The warper sits at A, and turns the reel B by the wheel C and rope D. E The yarn on bobbins. F The slide, which rises and falls by the coiling or uncoiling of the cord G round or from the axle of the reel H. 111 Wooden pins similar to those used in Peg-warping.

A The spindles turned by strings from the drum B. C The rovings; D the wire loops; E the clove which rises and falls in the groove FF, and is opened and shut by the latch G. When the clove is down at the spindles, at H it is opened and the drum is turned which raises the clove by means of the cord II, which passing over pullies is coiled round the bobbin K. As the clove rises the rovings slide through it; when the clove is raised five or six inches to Z it is shut fast by the latch G, the drum is again turned which sets the spindles in motion and raises the clove by the coiling of the cord round the bobbin. The rising of the clove draws out the five or six inches of roving shut fast between the spindles and the clove into weft. When the clove is raised to M the roving is sufficiently drawn out; the bobbin is then moved by a latch from the lower part of the axle, nearer to the handle where the axle is of less diameter than the bore of the bobbin. The drum is then turned and the spindles again revolve giving to the weft the necessary twist. During this twisting of the weft the clove and the bobbin remain stationary, the axle of the drum turning within the bobbin, and a leaden weight, N. counterbalancing the clove. When twisted, the clove is lowered from M to H by the band of the spinner, and the weft copped or wound upon the spindles. The drop rod 0 guides the weft upon the spindles. Figure 2. The Axle of the Drum square at P and round and of less diameter at 2. Figure 3. The Bobbin, which when at P turns with the axle, but when at 2 remains stationary.

PLATE 7. The Improved Jenny.

The wheel A turns the cylinder B by a band CC. The spindles D are turned by strings from the cylinder B. The rovings are placed on the frame E and pass through the clove F to the spindles. The clove moves in the grooves G G. When the clove is close to the spindles at H it is opened and drawn from them eight or ten inches to I, the rovings sliding through it, it is then shut fast and the spindles are set in motion by turning the wheel A. As the spindles revolve, the clove is drawn back from I to K by the left hand of the spinner; this stretches out the rovings into weft. When stretched out, the spinner holds the clove at K with the left hand, and gives the proturning the wheel A with the right hand. The weft is then copped by turning the clove to The spindles in the first improved Jennies were turned by strings from a drum on a perpen

per degree of twist by H. L the drop rod. dicular axis.

PLATE 8. A Section of the Water Frame.

A The rovings. B The first pair of rollers. C The second pair of rollers which revolve faster than the first pair. D The spindle. E The bobbin. Fa drum, the bands from which turn four spindles.

PLATE 9. Afront View of the Water Frame.

A The feeder.

PLATE 10. Carding Engine.

FIGURE 1. A Section of the Carding Engine.

B Rollers which take the cotton from the feeder and deliver it upon the great cylinder C. E The second cylinder. F The crank and comb. G The funnel. HHTwo rollers. I The perpetual carding. K The can.

DThe concave cover.

FIGURE 2. A Bird's Eye View of the Carding Engine.

A The feeder. B Rollers which take the cotton from the feeder and deliver it upon the great cylinder C C. D The concave cover. E The second cylinder. F The comb. G The funnel. H The rollers. The perpetual carding. K The can.

FIGURE 3. Front View of the Carding Engine.

A The concave cover. BB The first or great cylinder with the cards nailed on it longitudinally. C The second cylinder with the fillet cards nailed on it circularly. D The comb worked by the upright rods E E and the cranks F F. G G The rollers. H The can.

FIGURE 4. The old second Cylinder, with the Cards nailed on it longitudinally. FIGURE 5. Mr. Wood's second Cylinder, with the fillet Cards nailed on it circularly.

PLATE 11. FIGURE 1. A Bird's Eye View of the Roving Frame.

A A Cans containing the perpetual cardings. B The first pair of rollers. C The second pair of rollers, revolving quicker than the first. The rovings by passing through these two pairs of rollers are drawn out and lengthened, two of the rovings are then united at the rollers D, and are again drawn out by another pair E, which ⚫ revolve quicker than the pair at D.

FIGURE 2. Front View of the Roving Frame.

F The fourth or last pair of rollers, represented at E on figure 1. From these rollers the rovings pass to the spindles G.

FIGURE 3. The Roving Can used by Mr. Arkwright instead of the spindles.

PLATE 12. The Mule.

FIGURE 1. A The Roving. B The first pair of rollers. C The second pair, revolving quicker than the first. The roving and rollers are placed on a fixed frame. D A moveable carriage on which the spindles stand. This carriage recedes from the fixed frame when drawing out the yarn and returns to it when the yarn is copped or wound upon the spindles. Ea spindle. The spindles are turned by strings from a drum, each string turning two spindles. F The drop rod.

FIGURE 2. G G G The fixed frame on which stand H H. The second pair of rollers represented at C Figure 1. 11The moveable carriage. K The spindles. L The drop rod.