Universality and Selectivity: Strategies in Social Policy

acceptability acknowledge allocation alternative applicant argued argument assessment behaviour benefit systems benefits or services Bigendians cash benefits Chapter child circumstances citizens claim complex concept concern conspicuous context costs Council debate dimension discussion distribution Dublin economic effects efficient eligibility level example families finance fiscal drag free school meals further generosity Government groups identify impact incentives incidence income taxes income-selective individual instance involved Ireland Irish issues least means-tested benefits National Consumer Council necessary needy negative income tax NESC non-poor numbers particular payers poor positive discrimination possible potential beneficiary poverty line poverty traps presumed problems programme progressive tax pursue question response risk seek selective benefits selective strategies selectivisation selectivist sense social services society specific stigma tax incidence tax rates tax system taxation taxpayer tion typically universal and selective universal benefits universal or selective universalist uptake utilisation vulnerable welfare