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(2) Adulter, sŎcer, gener, Liber (the god Bacchus), puer, vesper (evening star), jugerum (which last in plural belongs to 2nd Class);

(3) The adjectives asper (aspris, abl. plur. once in Vergil), lăcer, liber, miser, tener, gibber, alter; and ceterum, posterum, creperum (above named). Also exter (Papin.), infer (Cato), super (Cato), chiefly used in plural;

Dexter has both forms; e. g. dexteram, dextram. (The comparative of dexter is always dexterior. So also deterior.)

(4) Compounds of more than two syllables ending in -fer or -ger; e.g. mortifer, äliger, &c.

The following are the principal substantives which omit e; ǎger, 343 ǎper, arbiter, auster, cancer, căper, çölüber, culter, fåber, liber (book), măgister, minister. The neuters are chiefly in -brum, -trum, -crum, see in Book III. The adjectives omitting e are: aeger, äter, crēber, (dexter, § 347,) glaber, măcer, niger, piger, impiger, integer, ludicer, pulcher, rüber, săcer, scăber, sinister (in comparative always sinisterior), tæter, våfer: also Afer, Călăber.

Examples: puer (m.), a boy; vir (m.), a man; fåber (m.), 349 a workman; membrum (n.), a limb.

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On -um in the genitive plural of vir and faber see § 365.

4. Præ-Augustan declension of stems in -uo
(i.e. either -uo, -vo,' or -qvo).

The older language, as shown especially by inscriptions not 350 later than cir. 520 B.C., retained the final -o of the stem in the nominative and accusative cases singular; e.g. filios, prīmos,

Luciom, donom. Though this -o was changed to -u generally (§ 213), yet the stems in which it was preceded by v or u or qu retained it until the Augustan age and later (Quintil. i. 7. 26). The change was however made in these stems also in the course of the 1st century after Christ. In words like ĕqvus the concurrence of u with u was also avoided by writing equs, or ĕcùs.

e.g. éqvos or ĕcùs (m.), a horse; ævom (n.), an age; arduðs (adj.), lofty.

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5. Augustan and Præ-Augustan declension of stems in -io.

In the Augustan and præ-Augustan period substantives with 351 stems ending in -io formed the genitive singular in -i single. So always in the scenic poets, in Lucretius, Vergil, Horace; also in Persius and Manilius. The genitive of trisyllabic words with a short antepenultimate (e.g. glădius, fölium), appears to have been generally avoided by these poets; but prěti, viti (from pretium and vitium) occur. Propertius, Ovid, Lucan, and the later poets, used the full form in -1; e.g. Mercurii, exsilii, vitii; but in proper names the contracted form continued to be most common; e.g. Antoni, Capitoli, Terenti, Līvi. In inscriptions -ii appears from the end of Augustus' reign, and with increasing frequency after Nero's reign, though -1 is also found to the end of the 3rd century after Christ and probably longer (Ritschl. Opusc. II. 779).

The vocative sing. masc. of these stems also ended in -i (not -ie), 352 e.g. Publi. But the vocative is found only in proper names and in the words genius, filius, vulturius (cf. Gell. 14. 5). The nominative plural rarely had i contracted into 1. The dative ablative plural had sometimes, especially in neuters, -is for -iis. (See § 367.)

Adjectives always had -ii in genitive. Only those derived from Greek proper names had a distinct form for vocative; e.g. Cynthie, Delie.

In stems ending in -aio, -eio the i both formed a diphthong with the preceding vowel, and also was pronounced as English y before a following vowel. (For some exceptions see § 139.) Hence Cicero wrote the i double, -aiio, -eiio; but this spelling is not now found in the MSS. or in republican inscriptions.

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OLD AND EXCEPTIONAL FORMS OF CASES.
(CLASS I.)

I Singular Number.

NOMINATIVE: Stems in -o. On the faint sound of final s and m 354 which led to their omission even in the older language, see §§ 193, 5. 86. Old inscriptions give such forms as Acilio, Fourio, Fabrecio, pocolo (for Acilius, Furius, Fabricius, poculum). The nominative sing. of proper names with stems in -io are frequently written in old inscriptions without the final syllable; e.g. Claudi, Valeri, Minuci (for Claudius, &c). This may be merely an abbreviation, dué as Ritschl supposes, to a once collateral nominative in -is; e.g. Cornelis, Compare alis, alius § 373.

ACCUSATIVE: For the omission of the final m, see § 86. Stems in -e. Quintilian (IX. 4. 39) speaks of diee hanc being found in Cato the censor's writings, "m litera in -e

mollito".

355

GENITIVE: I. Stems in -a. Instances of the ordinary genitive 356 in -ae are very rare in inscriptions before the time of the Gracchi. Three old forms of the genitive singular are found, viz. -aes, -al and -as.

(a) The ending -aes occurs frequently in inscriptions after Sulla's time, but chiefly on tombs of freedwomen and slaves, and rarely in other than proper names; e.g. Juliaes, Dianaes, Anniaes, Faustinaes, dominaes, vernaes. Some hold it to be intended for the Greek genitive in της. Ritschl (comparing a single Prosepnais from the 6th century u.c.) holds it to be a genuine old Latin form, and possibly used by Plautus (Neue Plaut. Exc. I. p. 115).

(b) of the ending -as examples are given from Livius Andro.. nicus, escas, monetas, Latonas; from Nævius, terras, fortunas; and from Ennius, vias. Some so take molas in Plaut. Pseud. 1100. This form is preserved in one word at all periods, viz. familia, when combined with pater, mater, filius, filia; e. g. paterfamilias, a father of a household. Pater, &c., familia is also used. In the plural we find both patres, &c. -familiæ, -familias, -familiarum, fathers &c. of households.

(c) The ending -ai (originally the locative according to Madvig) is more common and earlier, and in Plautus and hexameter verse (retaining probably the old pronunciation) is treated as a spondee (-ai). It is frequent in Lucretius, and is also used by Cicero in his poetry, and by Vergil in four words, aquai, aulai, aurai, pictai. Republican inscriptions give, e.g. Duelonai (i.e. Bellona), Glabrai, ejus rei quaerundai et faciundal causa, calcis restinctai, &c.

2. Stems in -e. Four forms of the genitive-ending are found, 357 viz. ēs; el; ē; I. (See Gell. 9. 14).

(a) -es; viz. Dies, Enn. A. 401, Verg. G. I. 208 (die, Ribbeck), Cic. Sest. 12. § 28; rabies, Lucr. IV. 1083; facies, Claud. Quadrig. (in Sulla's time); fides, see below b; pernicies, said to have been written by Cicero.

(b) -el; viz. diei, frequent in prose; diēī, Lucr. (often), Veig. Á. IV. 156, Hor. S. I. 8. 35, Phædr. II. 8. 10, Ter. Haut. 168, 212, Plaut.; diei, Ter. Eun. 801; rei, always in Republican inscriptions; rēī, Plaut. Mil. G. 103, magnai rei publicai gratia; Lucr. II. 112,

a/

548; rei, Plaut., Ter., Hor.; rei, Plaut., Ter., Lucil., Lucr.; fidei, frequent in prose; fidēī, Enn. Ann. 342, Plaut. Aul. 121, 575, Lucr. V. 102; fiděi, Manil. II. 605, 627, Sil. (four times); fidei (fides Wagner), Plaut. Aul. 609; spei, frequent in prose; spei, Ter. always; plebei (especially in phrases tribunus plebei, plebeiscitum, &c.) frequent: aciei, Bell. Afr. 59 and 60. Mundiciel, Inscr. 136, A.D. (cf. Corssen. Aussp. I. 54, ed. 2).

(c) -ē; viz. die, in several places (in some MSS.) of Cæs., Sall., Liv., also Plaut. Pseud. 1158; Sen. Cons. Marc. 18. 2; compare also postridie, &c.; re, Cæs., Liv. in some мss.; fide, Poet. ap. C. Off. 3. 26; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10. 17; Hor. C. 3. 7. 4; Ovid. Met. III. 341, VI. 506, VII. 728, 737, &c.; acie, Sall.; facie, Lucil., Plaut. Mil. G. 1172; requie, Sall.; scabie, Lucil. "C. Cæsar in libro de analogia secundo hujus die et hujus specie dicendum putat," Gell. 9. 14.

(d) -i; viz. dii, Verg. A. 1.636; plebi, frequent in phrases above quoted; acii, Cn. Matius; pernicii, Cic. Rosc. Am. 45, Sisenna; specii, Cn. Matius; progenii, Pacuvius; luxurii, C.. Gracchus ; fami, Lucil., Cato; fidi, Augustan legal inscription (Corp. I. L. II. 5042).

3.

Stems in -0. The oldest form was perhaps -oe; e. g. poploe 358 But the inscriptions to the time of the third Punic war give only 1; e.g. Barbati, urbani; after that time, till Augustus, -ei is also frequently found; e. g. populei, cogendei, suei, ostiei, pagei, Marcel, Vergilei; but not so frequently in laws as -1. In Augustus' time -el went out of use (§§ 265-268). Lucilius wished to establish the distinction of -1 for the gen. sing.; -el for nom. plur.

The locative has the same form as the genitive and was not improbably identical with it.

DATIVE: 1. Stems in -a. Early republican and other inscrip- 359 tions have not unfrequently -ai. The disyllabic a is not found

in the dative in any poet.

Forms like Fortune, Diane in very old inscriptions are probably imitations of Greek.

2. Stems in -e. and i.

Three forms of the dative are found; -ei, ē 360

(a) -el; viz. diei, often; rei, Lucr. I. 688, II. 236; rei, Corp. I. L. 201, also (at beginning of verse) Ter. Ad. 95; rei, Hor. C. 3. 24. 64; rei, Enn. Trag. 361; Plaut., Ter., Lucil.; fidei, often in prose; fidel, Enn. Ann. III (fide, Vahlen); Ter. And. 296, Eun. 886, 898 (ed. Umpfenbach); comp. Plaut. Trin. 117, 128; fiděl, Manil. 3. 107, Sil. 2. 561; plebei, Plin. H. N. 19. 4. 19, § 54, 18. 3. 4; aciei, Cæs. Civ. III. 89, ib. 93; perniciei, Nep. 12. 4.

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