Old forms of ille found in Ennius, Lucretius, and Vergil, are olli for dat. sing. and nom. pl. masc.; ollis, dat. and abl. plural; and in Lucretius ollas, olla, acc. plural. Ab oloes for ab illis is men

tioned by Festus; ollus and olla (nom. sing.) by Varro.

Istus for iste is found once in Plautus.

In the phrases (used by præ-Ciceronian writers) alii modi, illi modi, isti modi, we have genitives; as also in alii dei, alii generis in Varro, alii rei in Cælius. Пllæ, istæ, aliæ are found in early writers rarely for dat. fem. sing.; aliæ as genitive in Cicero, Livy, and Lucretius (once each). Collateral forms, viz. alis, masc. nom. (Catull.), alid, neut. nom. acc. (Lucretius), ali, dat. sing. (Cat., Lucr.) are also found. The adverb alibi appears to be an old locative.

The demonstrative particle ce was sometimes appended to the 374 cases of ille and iste which end in -s, and frequently in an abridged form to the others (except genitive plural), especially in Plautus and the early writers; e.g.

In nom. sing. illace, istǎce for fem., and illōc, istōc for neut. are also found.

The initial i of iste, istic appears to have been sometimes omit- 375 ted; e.g. At stuc periculum (Ter. Andr. 566); quæ sti rhetores (Cic. Or. 1. 19); quid me sta res (Cic. Fam. 4. 3. 2); jam stinc (Verg. A. 6. 389); modo sto (Hor. Epist. II. 2. 163), &c. So Lachm. ad Lucr. p. 197.

3. Hic (stem ho-), this near me, is declined as follows, the forms 376 in brackets being older forms used by Plautus, &c. (hosce, hasce, hujusce also in Cicero; hæc for nom. fem. plur. is found in Lucretius, and twice or oftener in Vergil. Haice neut. pl. only in S. C. de Bacc.)

(1. 5. 18) that unius was in his time unius. Probably these words illius, unius) are taken as instances only. (Ritschl, Opusc. II. 696.)

4. Is, that (stem 1- and eo-), is thus declined.

Em or im for eum is quoted from the XII. Tables; ea for dat. fem. in Cato; eiei, iei for dat. sing. in post-Gracchan and præAugustan inscriptions; eis once for nom, s. masc.; iei, eis, eeis or ieis for nom. plur. masc. and eieis, eeis, and leis for dat. and abl. plural in præ-Augustan inscriptions; ibus sometimes in comic poets and Lucretius1; ĕābus in Cato for abl. plur. fem. ii and iis were common in post-Augustan inscriptions. Of poets only the præ-Augustan used any of the cases, except that Horace has the genitive. and accusative in his non-lyrical writings.

Ennius wrote sometimes sum, sam for eum, eam, and sas for eas (or perhaps for suas).

The dat. sing. ei has rarely a short penultimate (ě): as ēī it is frequent in Plautus and Terence and (in the last foot of the hexameter) in Lucretius. As a monosyllable it is also common.

1 Where ibus appears to be long, hībus is probably the right reading.

377

The suffix -pse is sometimes found in Plautus appended; e.g. 378 eapse, eumpse, eampse, eōpse, eäpse; and in Cicero often in the phrase reapse (for re eâpse). In ipse (see above) the suffix is made the vehicle of the case endings.

Idem, ĕǎdem, Idem, acc. eundem, eandem, idem (compound of is-dem) is declined like it, the forms iidem, iisdem however not being found, and ĕīdem, šīsdem not frequently.

For the nom. masc. sing. and plur. eidem, eisdem are found in præ-Augustan inscriptions. Comp. § 265, 363. Isdem also appears to have been in use. For neut. s. eidem is found once in a præAug. inscr.

5. qui (stem quo), which, what? any, an (adjective) relative, 379 interrogative, and indefinite pronoun is thus declined. Older forms found in Plautus, &c. are added in brackets.

As an indefinite pronoun quă is more common than quæ in fem. nom. sing. and neut. plur.

Cujus was treated (in præ-Augustan writers and once in Vergil) as a declinable genitive, i.e. an adjective with -o stem (e.g. is cuja res, cujum periculum est. Cuium pecus? (See the suffix -io in Book III.) The following forms are found so used: nom. s. cuja (f.), cujum (n.); acc. cujum (m. n.); cujam (f.); abl. cujā (f.); plur. nom. cuja (f.). (Never used instead of quorum or quarum.)

In Plautus cuius is often a monosyllable.

Qui is used (1) as an ablative (of all genders) with the preposition cum appended (quicum); (2) as a substantive relative and interrogative (e.g. habeo qui utar); and (3) as an adverbial interrogative, how? As a locative übi (for quobi) is used.

The ablat. plur. quis is found often in Varro, Sallust, and Tacitus, rarely in Cicero.

Qui like any other adjective can be used substantively, but 3& (Owing to the use of quis, quid) it is actually so used in the nom. singular and neuter acc. sing., as an interrogative rarely, and chiefly in dependent questions: as an indefinite pronoun, whether substantively or adjectively, only after si, nisi, nē, num.

In the cases named, an allied form quis, neut. quid takes its place. Quis (1) as an interrogative is generally a substantive (and as such is in early writers predicated of males or females), but sometimes a masculine adjective: (2) as an indefinite pronoun, it is used both as substantive and as masculine and feminine adjective. Quid and its compounds are always substantives.

The compounds of qui, quis are mainly declined like them, but 381 all have -quid (not -quod), when used as substantives. Other peculiarities are here named.

Aliqui, ǎliquă, ăliquod, some. Aliquis is a subst. and masc. adj.; and is more common than aliqui. Aliquæ as nom. fem. sing. occurs in Lucretius once, and not at all as neut. plur. Abl. ǎliqui is sometimes used.

Ecqui, ecqua, or ecquæ, ecquod, any? Ecquis is subst. and masc. adj. The only cases besides the nom. in use are dat. eccui; acc. ecquem, ecquam; abl. m. and n. ecquo. The plural is rare, but the forms ecqui, ecquos, ecquas, are found.

Quinam, quænam, quodnam, any? Quisnam is also used.

Quidam, quædam, quoddam, certain.

Quicunque, quæcunque, quodcunque, whatsoever. The -cunque is sometimes separated from qui, &c.; e.g. quã re cunque possum : Quilibet, quælibet, quodlibet, which you like:

Quivis, quævis, quodvis, avhich you will. cunque attached; e.g. quiviscunque, whatsoever.

Sometimes with

The following have quis instead of qui for the nom. sing. masc. 382

Quisquis, whosoever or whatsoever; quidquid or quicquid, whatever, also a substantive. Quiqui (nom. sing.) only in Plautus once. Quisquis as adjective is not applied to females. Of the other cases we have only the locative in cuicuimodi: the abl. masc. and neut. quoquo; acc. in comic poets quemquem; quiqui nom. plur. masc.; in Livy quibusquibus (dat. pl. perhaps in quotation from ancient document), and quaqua in Tacitus as abl. fem. sing: elsewhere only as adverb.

Quisquam, n. quicquam, any at all. Generally used as substantive, but quisquam is also used adjectively of females (as well as of males). Quiqui as ablative in Plautus. The plural and the feminine singular are not used. Quodquam also not used.

Quispiam, quæpiam, quodpiam, any. Quisque, quæque, quodque, each. quisque used of a woman in Plautus.

Plaut. has an abl. quipiam. Quicque or quidque is subst.

132

Its compound unusquisque is similarly declined.

Quis appears to have stem qui-, and to belong to the -i stems (see 383 Chap. x). Probably the forms (now partly assumed by quo-) were, Nom. quis, neut, quid (so also is, id); Gen. quis; Acc. quem (the proper accus. of quo- being quom now used as conjunction), neut. quid; Abl. qui (hence possibly quid, wherefore). Plural nom. and acc. ques (old form used by Cato and Pacuvius, cf. § 363), neut. quia (used as conjunction); Gen. cuium (found in Plautus); Dat. Abl. quibus.

CHAPTER VIII.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

THE substantives, called personal pronouns, are very peculiar in 384 their inflexions, nor are all the cases formed from the same stem.

SINGULAR.

Accusative. The forms med and sed occur as 385 accusatives in some early inscriptions, and med and ted both as accusatives and ablatives in Plautus; probably sed also (Mil. Glor. 1275). The d is probably the ablatival d, incorrectly transferred to the accusative as well1. Quintilian also mentions an old form mehe. Tete was rarely written for te: sese frequently for se.

Genitive. The old genitive of the 1st and 2nd persons was mis, 386 tis; the latter is found in Plautus. This was replaced as possessive by the adjectives meus, tuus; and as objective by the gen. sing. neut. mei (of my being), tui. So suus (adj.), sui for the genitive (both singular and plural) of the reflexive pronouns.

1 Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. (1869), p. IL