Dative. mi is used both by Cicero and the poets. Ablative. See above under accusative. PLURAL. Accusative. For nos we have enos in the Carmen Arvale. 387 Genitive. As possessive genitives the adjectives noster and vester 388 were used; as objective nostri, vestri, and rarely nostrum, vestrum; as partitive nostrum, vestrum, and in the comic poets sometimes nostrorum, nostrarum, vestrorum, vestrarum. To all cases (except tu nom.) of these substantive pronouns the 389 particle -met is sometimes added. For tu, tutě or tutimet are found. The adjectives have in the ablative case -met or -pte often appended; e.g. meopte, suāmet; rarely in the gen. sing., e.g. tuipte; and acc. plur., e. g. suosmet, suămet. CHAPTER IX. NOUNS OF CLASS II. THE second main class of nouns contains stems ending in the semiconsonantal vowels u and i, or in a consonant. i. DECLENSION OF -u STEMS. The case suffixes, as seen in consonantal stems, are preserved 390 entire only in three or four nouns. They usually combine with the final vowel of the stem. The terminations thus become sing. nom. -us; acc. -um (for -u-em); gen. -ûs (for -u-is); dat. -ui, often -u; abl. -u (for -ue); plural nom. acc. -us (for -u-es); gen. -uum; dat. abl. -ubus, generally -ibus. Some have collateral stems in -o, which are at least as early as the -u stems (see below). The few neuter nouns differ only in the nom. acc. sing., 391 which exhibits the bare stem, and the nom. acc. plural which has the vowel a added (-ua). The contracted form of the dat. sing. 3 alone found now. (The neuters are cornu, genu, pecu, veru; Iso artua and ossua pl.) No adjectives have stems in -u; except perhaps compounds of manus; but these are found only in nom. and acc. sing., except angvimanus acc. pl. twice in Lucr. (a) The words which retain the suffixes entire are grús (usually f., dat. abl. pl. gruĭbus); sūs (m. f., dat. abl. pl. suibus and subus; also subus: a gen. sing. sueris is also mentioned); bōs (m. f., gen. pl. boum, and bovom or bovum; dat. abl. būbus rarely bōbus); Jŏv- nom. s. Jup-piter (acc. Jov-em, so the other cases: an old gen. pl. Joum is mentioned). 392 (b) The remaining words are here arranged according to the 393 letter preceding the final u. (But few however of the numerous verbals in -tu are here given.) All are masculine, except colus, dõmus, idus (pl.), mănus, porticus, quinquatrus (pl.), tribus; and names of women and trees. A few are fem. or neut. as well as masc. The dat. pl. is in -ibus, unless otherwise stated. -bu -mu -cu -gu tribus (f. dat. abl. pl. tribubus). dõmus (f.) voc. domus, gen. domus (domi only in Plaut.), 394 domibus. ăcus (m. f. dat. abl. pl. acubus); arcus (m. rarely f. dat. 395 algu (only as abl. s.); fāgus (f. -u stem only in nom. pl.; -tu (-su) æstus (m.); artus (m. dat. abl. plur. almost always ar- 396 tubus); astus (m. often in abl. sing.; also, rarely and in silver age, nom. s. and nom. acc. pl.); cæstus (m. also abl. pl. from -o stem); exercitus (m.); fastus (m. i.e. pride; fastūs, fastibus are also found, rarely, `in sense of calendar); frètus (m. only in nom. gen. acc. abl. sing.; but a neuter stem in -o is more usual); impetus (cf. § 443); mětus (m. no gen. or dat. abl. plur.); myrtus (f. only nom. acc. pl.; all cases, except gen. pl., are found from a stem in -o); noctu (f. only abl. s.; generally as adverb; -du -nu -lu -ru -su for -i stem see § 418); partus (m. dat. plur. partŭbus); portus (m. dat. abl. plur. both in -ubus and -Ibus); angiportus (m. only abl. s. and acc. pl.; a neuter with stem in -o is more common); rictus (m. rarely rictum n. nom.; ricto abl. s.); rītus (m.); saltus (m.); sĕnātus (m. for genitive see §§ 399, 463); singultus (m.); situs, drought (m. no plur. or dat. s.; also a stem in -i, § 417); spīrītus (m.); testu (only in abl. sing.; also testum, testo, n.); tumultus (m.); vultus (m. acc. pl. vulta twice, Enn., Lucr.). Also numerous verbal substantives (e. g. gemitus, ictus, 397 luctus, nexus, quæstus); some of which are found only in the ablative singular; e.g. arcessitu, concessu, nātu, &c.; others only in the dative and ablative sirgular; e. g. irrīsui, irrīsü; ostentui, ostentu; &c. An oscillation between abl. in -u and -o is found in plebis scito, -scitu; opus est facto, factu, &c. grădus (m.); īdus (f. pl.). ǎnus (f.); cornus (f. besides nom. s. only in abl. s. and 398 colus (f. dat. only colo, abl. colu, colo; acc. pl. also colos; currus (m.); laurus (f. besides nom. s. only in gen. and abl. sing. and nom. acc. pl.; also a stem in -o declined throughout, but no gen. pl.); nŭrus (f.); pronurus (f.); quinquãtrus (f. pl.); socrus (f.); prosocrus (f.); tonitrus (m. also a neuter stem in -uo); věru (n. dat. abl. pl. verubus and veribus; also nom. s. verum). cupressus (f. besides nom. only gen. abl. s. and nom. acc. pl. both from -u and -o stems); luxus (m.); ossu (n. only gen. pl. ossuum, Pacuv. and nom. acc. pl. ossua in inscript.); sexus (m. also an indec. n. nom. acc. secus). See also, for supine forms, under -tu. A genitive in -1, chiefly in words with t preceding the 1, pos- 399 sibly from some confusion with the past participle, was frequent in writers of the sixth and seventh centuries U.C. These instances are given: adspecti (Att.); adventi (Ter.); æsti (Pac.); exerciti (Næv., Att., Varr.); fructi (Cat., Ter., Turp.); gemiti (Plaut.); lucti (Att.); ornati (Ter.); parti (Pac.); piscati (Turp.); porti (Turp.); quæsti (Plaut., Ter., &c.); salti (Att.); senati (Plaut., Sallust, and was most common in the seventh cent. U.C.); soniti (Cæc., Pac.); strepiti (Enn.); sumpti (Plaut., Cat., Lucil., &c.); tumulti (Plaut., Ter., Enn., Sallust); victi (Plaut.). In some other words (see above), though not in arci, laci, the -o stem is found in other cases as well as the genitive. [For other forms of the genitive, see § 463.] Examples of declension of stems in -u. 400 CHAPTER X. ii. DECLENSION OF -1 STEMS. NOUNS with stems ending in -1 exhibit the following case end- 401 ings, composed partly of the final stem vowel, partly of case suffixes. SINGULAR. The nominative has one, sometimes more than one, of four forms. It ends (a) in -ēs. These are almost all feminine. (b) in -Is, masc. and fem.: neuter in -e. (c) in -s, after dropping the final vowel; a preceding t or d is then also dropped as in consonant stems (§ 436). The same form is used in adjectives for all genders. No neuter substantives have -s. (d) in -r or -1; viz. some stems end in -er for masc.; others, neuter in -ar or -āl. A few adjectives have -ar, or -ŏr for all genders. The r or 1 is the final consonant of the stem. Accus. -em is found for masc. and fem. in all adjectives, and 402 always or usually in most substantives. A few substantives have also -im; very few have -im always, and of these last only vis and sitis are found often in the accusative at all. (The neuter accusative is like the nominative.) Gen. in -Is, Dat. -I, Loc. Abl. in -ě or -1. always, other adjectives, have i usually. Most and participles have -ě. have -I in the abl. Adjectives with nom. sing. in -Is have -I 403 except participles, used as such (see § 419), substantives, substantively used adjectives, Neuters with -ě, -1, or -r in the nom. sing. PLURAL. Nom. -ēs, rarely -is; Acc. -ēs or -Is indifferently (on 404 -eis see § 265, 266). Neuters have in both cases -ia, that is, -ă suffixed to the stem. Gen. -ium in prose. In verse the i is sometimes omitted for metre's sake in stems ending in -nti, and in a few other words. Dat. Loc. Abl. -ibus. Some older forms of the cases will be found in Chap. XII., but the early inscriptions, i.e. before the seventh century U.C., contain very few instances of -1 stems. (N.B. In the list given below, the occurrence of an accus. in -im, or of an abl. in -e from an adjective, or in -1 from a substantive, will be mentioned. The instances of the nom. plur. in -is, being probably not peculiar to particular words, will not be mentioned.) The origin of the -1 stems1 and of their case-endings is ob- 405 scure. Very few of these stems appear to correspond with -1 stems in Sanskrit or Greek (e.g. ignis, Sanskr. agni-; poti-, Sanskr. páti-, Greek Tool-; angui-, Sanskr. ahi-, Gr. ex-; turris, Túpois; ovis, Sanskr. avis, Gr. ois); many correspond to stems with a, or (Greek) o or v as final vowels. Some are clearly weakened forms of -0 stems (e.g. exanimis, inermis, sublimis, &c., and comp. humilis with xapadós, imber- (imbri-) with oußpos, nocti- with noctu, sitis with situs, perhaps also ponti- with pontufex, fusti- with fustuarium, &c.): others have lost a consonant3 (e. g. vi- for viri-, cucumi- for cucumis-, tigri- for tigrid-, and compare clavis with κλεῖδα; apis with ἐμπίς, ἐμπίδ-; ἔριν acc. from έριδα). It is probable therefore that the -1 of these stems is, at least in most cases, the representative of an earlier vowel, and, according to the 1 See L. Meyer, Vergl. Gr. I. 126, 11. 117 sqq., 162 sqq.; Schleicher, Vergl. Gr. p. 384, 432, 452, ed. 2. See Corssen, Aussprache, 1. 727, 734, 738 sqq. ed. 2; Bücheler, Lat. Dec. 3 Key considers -i to stand for io; Essays, 215, 236, &c.; Lat. Gr. P. 441, &c. ed. 2. But see Curtius, Gr. Etym. p. 563, ed. 2. |