general law of Latin vowel-changes, may therefore often have been immediately preceded by e (long or short). (In the very early inscriptions we have aidiles beside ædilis n. sing., and marte, martei for marti, dat. s., militare for militaris, nom. s.) This conclusion is confirmed by the fact that in numerous stems a nom. sing. is found in -es, as well as in -is; and it would account for the predominance of -e in the ordinary case-endings. It may be noted that none even of the words quoted above, as having the best claim to an original -i, have -im in the accusative sing. (But see § 196.)

The weakness of the -i is shewn by its frequent omission before 406 the nominative suffix s, whenever the effect of an adjoining s on the preceding consonants would not be dangerous to the identity of the stem. Thus loquax, stirps, mens, ars, mus for loquacis, stirpis, mentis, artis, muris (cf. § 192); but sublimis not sublimps; avis not aus; ungvis not unx (comp. ningvis, nivi-, nix); vates or vatis not vās; vestis not vēs; &c. In the words cănis, juvěnis, mensis the i as well as the s is suffixal, and it is not unlikely that some other words (e. g. indoles, vates, &c.) may belong properly to the class of nouns with consonant stems. (See the Preface.)

The origin of the long vowel in the nominatives in -ēs is not 407 clear. Some stems (e. g. plebes, also plebs; fames, also famis) have cases like the first class of nouns (§ 340).

A large proportion of the -1 stems have only one syllable besides 408 the -i, or are compounds with no further derivative suffix. Again, a very large proportion have the syllable preceding -1 long. And in many of these, two consonants immediately precede the -1, as if the addition of the -i had either forced together the other syllables, or were itself a means, at least in the gen. plur., of giving play to a too heavy mass. (Comp. § 435.)

The chief derivative suffixes are -aci, -enti, -ili, -āli, -āri.

The following is a tolerably complete list of words of this 409 class, except that some little-used compounds are omitted, and specimens only given of the principal classes of derivatives. In some words there is little or no positive evidence of the stem having -i, and they are placed here or among consonant stems in accordance with such analogies as may be found.

-ǎpi

1. Stems with labial before -1.

All retain 1 ore in nom. sing. except stirps, trabs, plebs, urbs, nix. (a) Stems in -pi.

apis (f. gen. pl. sometimes apum); gausăpe (f. abl. sing. also has acc. pl. A neuter stem in -o is more usual).

410

cōpem (adj. no nom. sing.).

puppis (f. acc. regularly -im; abl. often in -1; puppe,
though frequent, being later; not before Ovid).

-ōpi

-üpi

rūpes (f.).

-uppi

-æpi

-ēpi

-lpi

-rpi

-ǎbi

-Ŏbi

-ābi

-übi

-ēbi

cæpe (n. only used in nom. acc. sing.; usually stem in -a);
sæpes (f. also sæps rarely).

præsepe (n. also has acc. pl. præsēpes (f.); abl. s. præ-
sepio; abl. pl. præsepiis; and perhaps acc. s. præsepim).
Alpes (f. pl.); volpes (f. also volpis once Petron.).

stirps (f., sometimes as tree stem m.; nom. s. stirpis twice,
and stirpes once in Liv.); turpis (adj.).

(B) Stems in -bi.

-mbi

-rbi

trabs (f. trǎbes Enn.).

scòbis (f.); scrõbis (m. f. also nom. s. scrobs Colum.).
lābes (f.); tābes (f. only in singular, and that is rare;
abl. tabě, tabo usually, tabē once in Lucr.).

nubes (f. also nubs Liv. And.); pubes (f. dat. pubē Plaut.
once); impūbis (adj.).

plebs (f. sometimes written pleps; also has nom. s. plēbes;
see $$ 340, 357; no plural).

delumbis (adj. Plin. once); pălumbes (m. f. also pǎlum-
bis, besides gen. and acc. sing. and nom. acc. and abl.
pl. from a stem in -o; pălumbibus is not found).

corbis (m. f. abl. in -1 twice in Cato); imberbis (adj.
older stem in -o); orbis (m. abl. sometimes in -1); urbs
(f. sometimes written urps).

(y) Stems in -mi.

-ămi

-ümi

-Imi

-āmi

-ōmi

-imi

fămis (f. rare except in gen. s.; other cases from fames,
§ 340).

cucumis (m. acc. in -im, abl. in -1; also with stem
căcămis-); incòlùmis (adj.).

exănĭmis, semianimis, unanimis (adj. also earlier -o
stems, which alone are used in plur.).

infamis (adj.; acc. infamam once Lucil.).

cōmis (adj.).

implümis (adj.); rumis (f.? old word; only acc. in -im;
abl. in -i).

L

-ēmi

-imi

-rmi

-ui

-ǎvi

-Ŏvi

-ěvi

-Ivi

-āvi

-ivi

-lvi

-rvi

-qvi

-Ŏci

birēmis, trirēmis, &c. (adj. often as subst. f.; abl. rarely in -e).

sublimis (adj. also an early -o stem).

abnormis, enormis (adj.); biformis, informis, &c. (adj.); inermis (adj. also an earlier form in -o); vermis (m.).

(8) Stems in -vi. (For -qvi see § 414; for -gvi § 415.)

2.

lues (f. also has acc. and rarely abl. s. no plur.); strues (f. no gen. or nom. acc. plur.); tenuis (adj.). For grūs, sus, see § 392.

ǎvis (f. abl. sometimes in -1); grăvis (adj.)

Ŏvis (f. but in ancient formula m.).

brěvis (adj.); lěvis (adj.).

nix (f. gen. pl. only in Lamprid. See below ningvis). clāvis (f. acc. sometimes in -im); conclave (n.); nāvis (f. acc. often in -im; abl. often in -i); rāvis (f. acc. in -im; abl. in -i); svāvis (adj.).

civis (m. f. abl. often in -i); acclivis, declivis, proclivis
(adj. also with -o stems).

pelvis (f. acc. sometimes in -im; abl. usually in -1).
enervis (adj.).

Stems with a guttural before -1.

(a) Stems in -ci, -qvi.

All drop -i in nom. sing. except those ending in -sci and -qvi.

quis (pronoun. See § 383. Comp. also Is § 377).

præcox (adj. for older præcoquis; also rarely a stem in -o).

-ěci (-Ici) simplex (adj.); duplex, &c. (For supplex see § 439.) fornax (f.); pax (f.), and numerous verbal adjectives; e.g. audax, dicax, fèrax, lõquax, vivax, &c.

-āci

fauces (f. pl., also fauce abl. sing.).

atrox (adj.); cělox (f.); ferez (adj.); solox (adj., old word); velox (adj.).

lux (f. abl. sometimes in -1); Pollux (m. old nom. s. Polluces).

fæx (f. no gen. pl.).

413

414

-ici

-nci

-lci

-rci

-rqvi

-sci

-ägi

-úgi

bilicem (adj. acc. s.); felix (adj.); pernix (adj.); and
the verbal forms chiefly feminine, but in plural used also
as neuter adjectives; e. g. victrix, ultrix, corruptrix, fau-
trix, &c.

deunx (m.); quincunx (m.), &c.; lanx (f. no gen. pl.).
calx (f. sometimes m., no gen. pl.); dulcis (adj.).
arx (f.); merx (f., also old nom. s. merces, mers).
torqvis (m. rarely f. nom. cing. rarely in -es).
fascis (m.); piscis (m.).

(B) Stems in -gi, -gvi, -hi.

All retain i or e in nom. sing.

ongvi

-ěhi

ambages (f. pl. also abl. s., ambage; the gen. pl. only in Ovid once, ambagum); compages (f.); contages (f. only in Lucr. abl. once contagē); propages (f. once in Pacuv.); strāges (f.).

jūgis (adj.).

angvis (m. f. abl. rarely in -i); bilingvis (ad'.); exsangvis (adj.); ninguis (f. once in Lucr. same as nix); pingvis (adj.); ungvis (m. abl. sometimes in -i).

věhes (f. also vehis Colum., gen. pl. vehum in Cod. Theod.).

415

Examples of declensions of stems with labial or guttural 416 before -1. Compare § 447.

(a) Most stems in -ti, preceded by a consonant or long vowel, and a few others drop i (and then t also) in nom. sing.; but stems -sti, and a few others retain it. Two or three have nom. sing. in -es.

-ǎti

nătis (f.); rătis (f.).

-Ŏti

potis, potě (only in
genders and numbers).

-úti

-ěti

Comp. also adfatim.

nom. and both forms alike for all For compos, &c. see § 443.

cutis (f.). Perhaps also intercus, § 443.

hětěs (adj. abl. in -i, but in Celsus once in -e; těrěs (adj.). No gen. pl.; hebetia, teretia occur once.

-ěti (-iti) ancipiti-, nom. s. anceps, also (once in Plaut.) ancipes (adj. abl. s. always in -i, no gen. pl.): so also biceps, triceps, præceps (acc. s. præcipem (Læv. or Liv. Andr.?), abl. præcipe Enn.).

-Iti

-ati

-auti -ōti -ēti

-Iti

-pti

-cti

417

sītis (f. acc. in -im, abl. in -i, no plur. Comp. situs, § 396).
crātis (f. nom. s. only in Veget., acc. s. cratim Plaut. and 418
cratem; comp. craticula); grates (f. pl.; only nom, acc.
and once, in Tacitus, abl. grātibus); vātes (m. f. also
rarely vatis; gen. pl. usually vatum). So Reate (abl.
in -e).

Burgher names (adjectives); e.g. Arpīnas (old form Ar-
pinatis); Larinās; Fidenās; Antias; Privernās; &c.: also
cujas (nom. cujatis, Plaut.); nostrās; optīmās (nom.
sing. not found); pěnātes (m. pl.); summātes (m. pl.);
infimātis (nom. s.) occurs once in Plaut. [primas, mag-
nas only late]. For sanates see Fest. p. 321, Müll.
cautes (f.).

cōs (f. no gen. pl.); dōs (f. gen. pl. usually in -ium). locuplēs (adj. abl. s. usually in -ě; gen. pl. sometimes in -um); rēte (n. abl. sometimes in -e; acc. s. also retem, m.); tǎpēte (n. sing. acc. m. tăpēta, abl. tăpēte (both in Sil. only); plur. nom. acc. tǎpētia, tāpēta; dat. abl. tǎpētibus, tāpētis); trāpētes (m. pl., acc. trāpētas, abl. trăpētībus; but forms from a stem in -o are generally used).

lis (f., older stlis); dīs (adj., contracted for dives), nom. sing. once only (Ter.); mīti-s (adj.); Quirīs (adj.); Samnis (adj.); viti-s (f.).

neptis (f. abl. once in -i in Tac.).

nox (f., also abl. s. noctu, chiefly adverbial); lac (n., also lact (Pliny, H.N. XI. 39, 95, &c. ed. Detlefsen) and lacte; abl. s. lacti; no plur.); lactes (f. pl.); vectis (m. abl. rarely in -i).