Statius, often introduced the Greek forms instead; and many words not in common use are found in the Greek form only1. i. Stems in -a. The Greek nouns corresponding to the Latin -a stems, ended in 472 the nom. sing. as follows: masc. -ās (-ās), fem. -ā (-ā), after a vowel or r: otherwise, masc. -ns (-ēs), fem. -7 (-ē). If Latinized all become simply -ă. In oblique cases the Greek declension has (usually) -ā, -ē in the 473 vocative, -ān, -ēn in the accusative singular. But the Latin vocative in -ǎ and acc. in -am (or -em, from Greek gentile names) are often found even when the nominative retains the Greek form. Stems in -tes had vocative (Greek, as well as Latin) -tă, e. g. Thyesta; also -tē, e.g. Boōtē. Patronymics in -des had vocative -dē, e.g. Týdidē, Æăcidē, Alcīdē; sometimes -dā, e.g. Æăcidā, Cecropidā (Ovid), Anchisiǎdā (Verg.); accusative always -dēn, e.g. Laertiadēn, Pēlīden, So also feminine nouns with nom. s. in -ē; e. g. Cir cēn, Priēnēn. The genitive, dative, and locative almost always take the Latin form -æ. But Propertius, Ovid and later poets usually make the genitive in -ēs from nominatives in -ē. So also Quintilian in names like musicē. A dative in - is rarely found except in some (not early) inscriptions, e. g. Bæbiæ Phoebe; Julia Stratonice, &c. The ablative of stems in -ēs and -ē is usually -ē. The plural is almost always in the Latin form. (Names of 474 peoples &c. often have -um for -arum. See § 364.) The following examples will serve to show the variety in the nominative case singular. I. Greek nouns in -as (-ās), or -ns (-ēs). Masculine. (a) Appellatives. Sycophanta, põēta, nauta, pīrāta always. Similarly athlēta, bibliopōla, propōla, citharista, and in Plaut. trapessīta (траπe Čiтýs); danista (davelorýs). In Cicero, anagnostes, geōmetres, sophistes. Later dynastes, choraules, aliptes, comētes, pyctes, tetrarches, pyrites, &c. So satrăpes (acc. usually satrăpam). 1 "Nunc recentiores instituerunt, Græcis nominibus Græcas declinationes potius dare, quod tamen ipsum non semper fieri potest. Mihi autem placet rationem latinam sequi, quousque patitur decor." QUINTILIAN (I. 5. 63). 475 ен other (b) Gentile names. Persa (Plaut.), Perses (Cic.); Scythes (Cic. Hor.), Scytha (Lucan). In Cicero Abdērītes, Crotoniātes, Epīrōtes, Stagīrītes. (c) Names of men. Hermia (Cic.), Mida (Ter.), Marsya (Hor. Anchises, Achātes, Thyestes. Patronymics rarely have -ǎ. Thus 2. Greek nouns in -ā (-ā) or -n (-ē). Feminine. of (a) Appellatives. Apothēcă, aulă, bibliothēcă, tragœdiă, comodiă, prōră, măchæră, purpără (πор¶úpā), ancoră (äyκūpā), nauseǎ (vavoíā), epistŭla (éñiσtoλý), scæna (σkývŋ), always. In Cicero, grammatică, dialectică, rhetorică, musică: in Quintilian grammatice, &c. (b) Names of places. Etnă, Cretă, Libyǎ, Spartă, Idă, Ithăcă, &c., but in Ovid usually Etnē, Crete, &c. Thessalonica (Cic.); Thessalonice (Liv. Plin.). Always Cyrēnē, Meroē. (c) Names of women. For 'Aλkunum Alcumēna (Plaut.), Alcmēna (Cic.), Alcmēnē (Ovid). In Cicero, Varro, &c,, Andròmăcha, Antiopa, Europa, Hĕcăta, Hělěna, Sěměla, &c. In poets usually Andromǎche, &c. But nympha (Cat. Verg. Ov.), nymphē (Ov.). Always Berenice, Hebe, Daphne, Persephone, Phœbe, Rhodõpe, Thule, Tisiphone, &c. ii. Stems in -0. The -o stems in Greek had -os (-os) in nom., -ov (-on) in accus. (and neuter nominative) singular. The Latin form (-um) for the accus. is often found, even when a Latinized nominative (-ŭs, sometimes -er for -ĕrus) is not found. The other cases rarely received any other than a Latin form. The following are instances of the usage: 476 477 SINGULAR. 1. Appellatives (Feminine), e. g. methõdus, periò- 473 2. Names of plants, &c., e. g. acanthus (m.), aspărăgus (m.), asphŏdělus (m.), hyacinthus (m.), helleborus (m. more frequently helleborum, n.), papyrus (f.), &c. But lōtos (f.), aspalǎthos, &c. Precious stones (mostly feminine), amethystus (f.), zmaragdus (m.). electrum (n.), topazos (f.), &c. Animals, arctos (f.); scorpios or scorpius (m.), camēlus (m. f.), &c. 3. Names of towns and islands (feminine), e. g. Abŷdus, Corinthus, Lampsǎcus, Păphus, Cyprus, Rhodus, Těnědus, Epīrus, &c. The forms in -os (-ov) in the poets chiefly. Always Egyptus, but (nom.) Imbros, Lemnos, Delos, Sămos, Sestos, Tyros, &c. Names of rivers and mountains (masculine), Pēnēus, Caystrus, Mæander, Parnassus, &c. Also Peneos, &c. Usually Pelion (n.) and nom. Olympus (m.), Caucăsus (m.), acc. Olympum, Caucasum. 4. Names of men. Usually Latinized, especially those in -pos (-rus), preceded by a consonant; e.g. Teucer, Měleager, rarely Meleagros, Antipăter, Alexander, Menander, sometimes Menandros, Evander, sometimes Evandrus. So we have as accusatives Daidǎlon, Sisyphum, &c. The genitive is sometimes in -u; e.g. Menandru, Apollodoru. Greek words in -ews (-eōs), are either completely Latinized; e. g. Tyndarěŭs, (so also Cõus), or sometimes have nom. -ōs, acc. -ōn or -o, e.g. Androgeos (gen. Andrŏgeo, and AndrŎgei in Vergil). So also a few names of places, viz.: Athos, Ceos, acc. Athon (Cat. Ov. Verg.), Atho (Liv. Plin.), Ceo (Cic.). For some stems in ev- (eu-) see § 482. PLURAL. The Nominative rarely in -; e. g. Adelphoe (Ter.), 479 canephorœ, arcto, cosmo (Cic.), Solo, loto (Plin.). The Greek genitive in -wv (-ōn) is found sometimes with liber as the name of a book; e.g. Vergil's Bucolicon, Georgicon; Manilius' Astronomicon; rarely otherwise; e.g. Colonia Thereon, for Theræcrum (Sall.). On the genitive in -um, e. g. Pelasgum, Graium, see § 365. CHAPTER XIV. GREEK NOUNS. CLASS II. GREEK nouns of this class, as of the first class, frequently retain 480 such of their Greek inflexions as are not very dissimilar to the Latin inflexions. Plautus, Terence and Cicero for the most part Latinize the inflexions. Propertius, Ovid and the post-Augustan poets very frequently retain the Greek vowels and -n (for -m) of the acc. sing. and short pronunciation of the final syllables. Intermediate between these two parties stand Vergil and Horace, who with Corn. Nepos, Pliny and other post-Augustan prose writers share the same tendency as Ovid, but use many of the Latin forms. The Greek forms in all writers are much more frequent in proper names than in appellatives. -eu I. Stems in -0, -eu, -y. (a) Masculine. nom. in -ōs; acc. -ōem or (poet.) -õă; gen. -ōis; dat. -ōi. Plural nom, -õěs; acc. -õăs; gen. -ōum; dat. abl. -dibus? (-õisin once in Ovid). e. g. hēros, Minos. (b) Feminine. All cases in -o, except gen. -üs. Ovid occasionally has accusative in -on. The early poets (Ennius, Pacuvius, Accius, and once Plautus), treated them as having stems in -ōn (e. g. Didōnem, &c.). So also the late writers, e. g. Servius, Macrobius. e. g. Allecto, Argo, Callisto, Calypso, Dido, Echo, Hēro, Io, Ino, Manto. Theāno, Sappho. 481 Masculine. Nom. -Eus; voc. -Eu; acc. -eum or (poet.) 482 (e.g. Verg. Ov. Prop.), often treat -ei, -eo as one syllable 1 Cicero in a letter to Atticus (6. 9. § 1) had used the expression "In Piræea cum exissem," and, Atticus having commented on it, Cicero replies (7. 3. § 10), "Venio ad Piraea,' in quo magis reprehendendus sum, quod homo Romanus Piraea' scripserim, non 'Piræum,' sic enim omnes nostri locuti sunt, quam quod 'in' addiderim." -te e. g. Atreus, Cepheus, Erechtheus, Mnēstheus, Nēreus, Orpheus, Pēleus, Perseus, Prometheus, Piraeus, Proteus, Tēreus, Theseus, Typhoeus, Tyndăreus, &c. For metre's sake we have in acc. Idoměnēă, Пlionea (Verg.), Căpănēă (Stat.). The plural is rarely found: e. g. accus. Megareos (Quintil.), Phineas or Phineas (Mart.). The name of the Macedonian king Perseus had an estem used in Cicero, and an -eu stem used in Livy. Other writers generally follow Livy. Thus in Cicero, nom. Perses; acc. Persen, rarely Persem; gen. dat. Persæ; abl. Persa. In Livy, nom. Perseus; acc. Perseum and Persea; gen. Persei; dat. abl. Perseo. In Horace are found Achillei, Ulixěī. The Greek appopeús (m.), is in Lat. always amphora (f.). Nom. -ys Voc. -y (in poets); acc. -yn or -ym; gen. -yis 483 or -yos; dat. -yi; abl. -ye. e.g. chělýs (f.), Cotys (m.), Erinys (f.), Hǎlys (m.), Phorcys (f.), Tethys (f. dat. Tethyl once Catul,). 2. Stems in -e and -1. (a) Masculine. Nom. s. -ēs1. Acc. -em or more frequently (especially in post-Augustan writers), in -ēn. Gen. usually in -13, sometimes -Is. Abl. in -ě, rarely -ē. In plural these stems are often treated as if they ended in -a3. e. g. Pharnǎces. e.g. Lăches. e.g. Acestes, Achātes, Bõõtes, Euphrates, Hippocrătes, Iphicrătes, Isocrătes, Mithridates, Orestes, Phraētes, Põlýcrătes, Socrates, Thyestes, Tīrīdātes, Tīmŏcrătes, Xěnŏcrătes, &c. A genitive in -æ is occasionally found in the poets; e. g. Antiphǎtæ, Bootæ, Orestæ, Thyestæ. 1 These stems properly end in -os, or -es; e.g. Zwкpares, yévos. The final s, which is changed to r in Latin (§ 183 6), is omitted in Greek. 2 In Greek inscriptions such forms as Σωκράτου, Καλλικράτου, Καλ. Moévov, &c., (instead of Zwкpárovs, &c.), occur, even in Attic. 3 Forms like Zwpával, ПIpağıтélai, &c. occur in Greek since Plutarch. 484 |