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(a) Two indeclinable substantives, called Infinitives (or the Infinitive Mood). They are the Present infinitive, denoting incomplete action, and the Perfect, denoting completed action.

(b) Three verbal adjectives, called Participles, the Present and Future belonging to the active voice; the Last participle belonging to the passive voice.

(c) A verbal substantive and adjective, called the Gerund and Gerundive, usually classed, the first with the active, the second with the passive voice.

(d) Two supines, i.e. the accusative and ablative (or dative) of a verbal noun.

The forms of the verb proper are often called collectively the Finite Verb; the verbal nouns above named are sometimes called the Infinite Verb.

The following are the usual English equivalents of the several 552 tenses and verbal substantives connected with the verb: (See Book IV. Ch. XVIII. xx.)

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I am loving

I am praying

Passive.

Indicative.

Present. Sing. 1. ǎmo

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I loved or I have
loved
ǎmāvěro

I shall have
loved
ǎmāvěrit

He will have
loved
ǎmāvěram
I had loved

or I pray
1
prěcābor
I shall pray
precabitur
He will pray
prēcābar
I was praying
or I prayed
prěcātus sum
I prayed or I
have prayed

prěcātus ĕro
I shall have
prayed
prěcātus ĕrit
He will have

prayed
prěcātus ĕram

I had prayed

*

ǎmor

I am being loved

or I am loved ǎmābor

I shall be loved ǎmäbitur

He will be loved ǎmābar

I was being loved

or Iwas loved
ǎmātus sum
I was loved or

I am loved
ǎmātus ĕro
I shall have

been loved
ǎmātus ĕrit
He will have

been loved ǎmātus ĕram I had been loved

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Every single word in the Latin (finite) verb is a complete sen- 554 tence, the verbal stem being used, not by itself, but in combination with abbreviated forms of pronouns of the first, second, and third persons.

The principles, on which all verbs are inflected, are the same. The differences in detail which are found are due, some to the nature or ending of the stem of the particular verb, some to the unequal preservation of parts of an originally fuller system of inflexions.

The inflexions for tense, mood, person, number, and voice are 555 attached to the stem in the order now given. The forms of the present tense, indicative mood, singular number, active voice, are the simplest, and arise from the union of the stem and personal pronouns. All other parts of the verb contain modifications for tense, mood, number, and voice; and of these the modifications for tense and mood are made between the stem and personal pronoun, and the inflexions for number and voice appended after them.

Thus reg-ĕr-ē-m-us is the 1st pers. plur. active, imperfect subjunctive of a verbal stem meaning rule. Reg is the stem, er denotes past time, the mood of thought (instead of fact), m the speaker himself, us the action of others with the speaker. And, if for -us we have -ur, the speaker and others are passive instead of active.

These inflexions will be discussed in regular order, beginning, at the end of the word, with the most characteristic and universal inflexions.

CHAPTER XVII.

INFLEXIONS OF PERSON AND NUMBER.

THE suffixes, which denote person and number in the active 556 voice, are the same in all tenses of the indicative and subjunctive moods, except in some persons of the perfect, and in the first person singular of the present and completed future of the indicative mood.

In the passive voice the inflexions for this purpose are the same in all tenses of the indicative and subjunctive moods, which are expressed by simple forms. (The tenses denoting completed action are expressed by compound forms.)

These suffixes are as follows, the initial vowel being given in 557 the oldest form (cf. § 196) in which, apart from early inscriptions, it appears in any verbs. For earlier forms, see § 234, and compare $$ 570, 581.

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The short initial vowel of the suffix (ŏ, ů, ě, 1) is absorbed 558 by an immediately preceding a, e, or i; except (1) in the 1st pers. sing., if the m is not retained; (2) in the 3rd pers. pl. present, if -unt follow-i. In a few other verbs (sum, do, fero, volo, edo) some of these suffixes drop the initial vowel in the present tense.

FIRST PERSON.

The -m in the 1st person singular and plural is the same as is 559 seen in the oblique cases of the pronoun me.

Singular. -m is dropped (see § 86) in the singular of the pre- 560 sent indicative of all verbs (e.g. reg-o) except two; viz. sum (for ĕs-om), I am, and inqua-m, quoth I; also in the completed future of all verbs, and in the future indicative of all verbs with stems ending in -a or -e, and of some with stems ending in -1; e.g. ǎmābo, mŏnēbo, ibo.

In a verbs the final a is contracted with the initial of the suf- 561 fix; e.g. am-o for ama-om; do for da-om. Other vowel verbs retain their characteristic vowel; e. g. trib-u-o, mon-e-o, aud-1-0, căp-i-o. But three i verbs change i to e; viz. ĕo (stem 1-), queo (stem qui-), and its compound nequeo. Inquam has apparently a stem in ǎ, which except in 1st sing. pres. passes into I.

In the perfect indicative the personal suffix has dropped off al- 562 together. The final i has another origin. (See § 658.)

In the passive voice the only change from the active is the 563 addition of r, if the m has dropped away, or the substitution of it for m if the m has been retained in the active. This r is generally considered to be a substitute for 8, the proper passive inflexion being, as is supposed, the reflexive pronoun1se.

1 A passive formed by a reflexive pronoun is seen in Germ. Das versteht sich von selbst; French Le corps se trouva; Ital. Si leda l'uomo modesto (The modest man is praised'); Span. Las aguas se secaron ('The waters were dried up'). KEY, Lat. Gr. § 379.

Plural. The vowel before m is weakened (see § 241) to 1 in 564 all verbs with stems ending in u, or in I, or in a consonant, except in the present indicatives of three verbs; viz. sumus, we are, vŏlumus, and their compounds, and the old form quæsumus (stem quæs-), we pray, where we have the older vowel u. dă-mus retains the radical a. With these exceptions the suffix is the same in all tenses of all verbs, except when the initial vowel is absorbed by a preceding a, e, or i.

The final -us is the part of the suffix which distinguishes the 565 plural number. By some it is considered to arise from the pronoun of the second person, by others from the pronoun of the third person; so that we (-mus) would be expressed by I, thou, or by I, be; by others again it is considered to be the same as the s, which is used to mark the plural of nouns.

In the passive the final s is changed to r.

SECOND PERson,

The consonant contained in the suffix of the second person is 8 566 in the singular, (changed before another vowel to r in the passive), and t in the plural. The perfect indicative has t in the singular also. The personal pronoun of the second person sing. in Latin (tu), and the Doric dialect of Greek (rú) exhibits this t; in the Attic dialect of Greek it exhibits s (σú).

Singular. In the present tense of fĕro, volo, ědo, the short 567 vowel (1) is omitted or absorbed; hence fers (for fèris), vis (for võlis, vilis, vils), and ēs (for ĕdis, eds). es (ēs Plautus and Terence, ěs in subsequent poets) is also the 2nd pers. sing. present indicative of sum.

All a-, e-, and I- verbs have the final syllable long; viz. ās, ēs, Is. (Not so the verbs with 1; e.g. capio, capĭs.)

In the perfect indicative the suffix for the second pers. sing. 568 ends in -isti, of which ending -ti is the proper personal suffix. (For the rest of the ending see § 658.)

In the passive -èris (at first sight) appears to be formed by 569 placing the characteristic passive r before the personal suffix; the true theory however is no doubt that the passive suffix, with a short preceding vowel, being placed after the personal suffix caused the s between two vowels to change to r, necessitating also the change of the vowel i to e before r. The passive suffix itself (i.e. s for se, § 183) was allowed to remain s, instead of being changed to r, as usually, in order to avoid having two r's close together.

-re (e.g. amabare, cf. § 193. 5. f. 234. 2) is more common than 570 -ris (e.g. amabaris) in Plautus, and, except in present tense, in Cicero

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