and both numbers, except in the 1st pers. sing. and plu., and 3rd pers. sing. of the perfect indicative. The vowels thus brought together are contracted, (excepting -ie, and sometimes -li); e.g. ind. perf. amasti, amastis, amārunt; pluperf. amaram, &c.; comp. fut. amāro, &c.; subj. perf. amarim, &c.; Plup. amassem, &c.; infin. amasse ; so flesti, fleram, &c.; and (though here the v omitted is radical) mosti, commosti, &c. (from moveo), and derived tenses.

But we have some instances of uncontracted forms; e.g. audieram, &c.; audiero, &c.; audiisti as well as audisti, &c. And such förms occur not unfrequently from peto, eo, and their compounds.

Nõvero (1st pers. sing. ind.) always retains the v. (But cognoro, norim, noris, &c.) And so does the shortened form of the 3rd pers. plu. perf. ind. of verbs with a stems; e.g. amāvēre. The infinitive being amāre, the perfect, if contracted, would be liable to confusion with it.

In dēsĩno, pěto, eo, and their compounds the omission of v, 662 usually, (in the compounds of eo almost always), takes place even in the excepted persons; viz. in the ist pers. sing. and plural, and third pers. sing. of the perf. indicative; e. g. desii, desiit, desiimus. In other verbs with -1 stems, - it is sometimes found; -ii hardly ever; -iimus never.

The contracted forms are sometimes found from the abovementioned three verbs; pětí (Sen., Stat.); pětīt (Verg., Ov., Lucan, Sen., &c.); dēsīt (Sen., Mart.); dēsīmus (Sen. Epist.); rědi (Sen.); abī, ini (Stat.); it (Ter., Verg., Ov., &c.); ăbīt (Plaut., Ter., Sen.); perīt (Lucr., Phædr., Sen.), &c.

Apparently irritāt, disturbāt, are used as contracted perfects in Lucretius.

In the older poets, and occasionally in Vergil and Horace, in 663 tenses formed from perfect stems in -s, an i between two ss is omitted and the sibilant written once or twice, instead of thrice; e.g. promisse (Cat.) for promisisse ; despexe (Plaut.) for despexisse; surrexe (Hor.) for surrexisse: consumpsti (Prop.) for consumpsisti ; dixti (Plaut., and twice or thrice in Cic.) for dixisti; erepsēmus (Hor.) for erepsissemus; extinxem (Verg.) for extinxissem.

Percepset for percepisset (Pacuv. ap. C. Off. 3. 26); faxem, Pl. Pseuú. 499, are the only instances of such a form for perfects not in -si. The latter passage is generally considered corrupt.

CHAPTER XXIII.

OF THE PERFECT STEM.

The perfect stem is formed in one of five different ways, some 664 of which are peculiar to, or invariably found in particular classes of verbs. All are used without any distinction of meaning. Some verbs have two or even more forms of the perfect stem.

The five ways are: (i) Reduplication; (i) Lengthening the stem vowel; (iii) Suffixing -8; (iv) Suffixing either -u or -v; (v) Using the stem of the verb without change.

In the following enumeration the present stem is added where it differs from the verbal stem. All the verbs, whether consonant or vowel stems, are arranged under the class to which their final consonant belongs: except monosyllabic vowel stems, and u stems, which are arranged separately.

i. Perfect stem formed by reduplication. The first consonant of the stem is prefixed with a short vowel, 665 which is e, if the stem vowel is a or e, and, if not, is the same as the stem vowel. In the præ-Ciceronian language the vowel of the prefixed syllable appears to have been (always?) e, whatever the stem vowel might be. And Cicero and Cæsar are said to have used memordi, spepondi, pepugi (Gell. 7, 9).

If the stem vowel is a, it is changed to e before two consonants, to i before one; 2 is changed to i. Before single 1 ě and 8 become ů.

If the stem begins with sp, sc, st, the second consonant is treated as the initial consonant, and the s prefixed to the reduplication syllable.

Gutturals. dic-, (Pr. disc- for dic-sc-), di-dic-1; parc-, pě-perc-i; 666 poses, p>-pose-f; p5g-, (Pr. pang-; comp. plc-isci), pb-pig-1; pig-, (Pr. pung-), pů-půg-i; tăg-, (Pr. tang-), tě-tig-i.

Dentals. căd-, cě-cid-i; cæd-, cě-cid-i; pēd-, pě-pēd-1; pend- (also pend-e-, intran.), pě-pend-1; scỉd-, (Pr. scind-), sci-cid-i (old); tend-, tě-tend-i; túd-, (Pr. tund-), tă-tůd-1 (Ennius is said to have used contüdit).

mord-ě-, mô-mord-1; pend-é- (see above); spond-ě, spð-pond-i; tond-ě-, tò-tond-1.

Nasals. căn-, cě-cin-i (but compounds suffix -u, $ 679, except 667 once, oc-có-cini); mån-, mě-min-i; těn-e-, te-tin-i, quoted from Pacuvius and Accius (usually těn-ui).

Liquids. fall-, fè-fell-1; pól-, (Pr. pell-), pě-půl-i; tol-, (Pr. toll-), tě-tål-i (in præ-August. poets; tõli in some præ-Ciceronian inscriptions; usually túli-).

curr-, ců-curr-i; pări-, pě-per-i.
Vowels. dă-, dě-di; stă- (Pr. stā-), stě-ti; stě- (Pr. si-st-), sti-ti.

668

ii. Perfect stem formed by lengthening the stem vowel.

If the stem vowel be ă, it is changed to ē (except in scăběre).
Lalials. růp-, (Pr. rump-), rūp-i; scăbo, scāb-i; ěm-, ēm-I.
căpi-, cēp-i.

Gutturals. liqv-, (Pr. linqv-); līqv-i; vic- (Pr. vinc-), vic-I; åg-, ēg-i; frăg-, (Pr. frang-), frēg-1; lég-, lēg-i (but some compounds suffix s, $ 673); păg-, (Pr. pang-), pēg-i.

făci-, fēc-i; jăci-, jēc-i; fúgi-, füg-i.

Dentals. ěd-, ēd-1; fud-, (Pr. fund-), füd-1; 0d-, (Pres. obsolete; comp. odium), öd-i.

sědě-, sēd-i; vidě-, vid-1; fodi-, föd-
Nasals. věnī-, vēn-ī.
Semivowels. ( júvă-, jūv-i; lăvă-, (1ăv- old), lāv-i.

căvěc, cāv-i; făvě-, fāv-i; fðvě-, fõv-i; mövě-, móv-i; påvě-, X pāv-1; vývě-, võv-l.

The lengthening of the vowel in the verbs, which have v for their final consonant, is probably due to the absorption of a suffixed V ($ 681); e.g. cāvi for cav-vi or căvui. In a similar way vici, vīdi, vēní may have arisen from an absorption of a reduplication, for věvini, &c.

669

a

iii. Perfect stem formed by suffixing s. If the present stem ends in a vowel, the vowel is dropped before 670 the suffixed s. None of the verbs whose present stem ends in a have their perfect formed by s suffixed.

672

(This suffix is supposed to be with the personal suffix) es-i, the ancient perfect of the stem és, and is apparently identical with the suffix of the first aorist in Greek.)

Labials. P. B. carp-, carp-s-i; clěp-, clep-s-i (old); nữb-, nup-s-i; rēp-, rep-s-i; scalp-, scalp-s-i; scrīb-, scrip-s-i; sculp-, sculp-s-i; serp-, serp-s-i.

jůbě-, ju-ss-i (jou-s-i old form: probably júbeo is for jóveo); pī-, sæp-s-i.

M. A euphonic p is generally inserted before s; m is once 671 assimilated.

com-, comp-s-i; so also dēm-, prom-, sūm-; prěm-, pres-s-i (for pren-s-i); tem- (Pr. temn-), temp-s-i.

Gutturals. lc, rc, 18, rg throw away the guttural before s.

C. ov. cõv-, cox-i; đắc- (Pr. dic-), dix-i; dắc-, (Pr.dc-), đux-1; parc-, par-si (also pě-perc-i); so conqvinisco has conquex-i (for conquinx-i? comp. mix-tum from misceo).

lūcē-, lux-i; mulce-, mul-s-i; torqvě-, tor-s-i.

farci-, far-s-i; fulcī-, ful-s-i; sancı-, sanx-i; sarci-, sar-s-i; vincī-, vinx-i.

-líci-, -lex-i; -spici-, -spex-i.

G. GV. cing-, cinx-i; fīg-, fix-i; fing-, (sup. fic-t-), finx-i; -flīg-, (173 flix-i; flúgva, (Pr. flu-), fux-i; jung-, junx-i; -lég- (in compounds dīlėg-, intellég-, neglėg-), lex-i (rarely neg-lēg-i, cf. $ 668); merz-, mer-s-i; ming-, minx-i; ēmung-, ēmunx-i; ningv-,ninx-it; pang- (or păg-), panx-i (usually pēgi or pěpigi); ping-, (supine pic-t-), pinx-i; plang-, planx-i; -pung-, -punx-i; rég-, rex-i; sparg-, spar-s-i; stingv-, stinx-i; string-, (sup. strict-), strinx-i; strugv-, (Pr. stru«), strux-i; sūg-, sux-i; těg-, tex-i; tingv-, tinx-i; vigv-, (Pr. vīv-), vix-i; ungv-, unx-i.

algěn, al-s-i; augě-, aux-i; frīgě-, frix-i; fulge-, ful-s-i; indulge-, indul-s-i; lūgě-, lux-i; mulgě, mul-s-i; conigvě-, (Pr. conīve-), conix-i; tergě-, (terg- old), ter-s-i; turgě-, tur-s-i; urgě-, ur-s-1.

iti H. tråh-, trax-1; věn-, vex-i.

rit Dentals. The dental falls away or is assimilated before s, but 674 the preceding vowel is lengthened (cf. 191. 2, 4).

T. flect-, flex-i; mitt-, mī-s-i; nect-, nex-i; pect-, pex-i. senti-, sen-s-i; quăti-, quas-8-i (e.g. concŭti-, concus-s-i).

D. cēd-, ces-s-1; claud-, clau-s-i; dīvỉd-, dīvi-s-i; læd-, læ-s-i; lūd-, lū-s-i; plaud-, plau-s-i; rād-, rā-s-i; rõd-, rõ-s-i; trūd-, trū-s-i; văå-, vā-s-i.

675

ardēm, ar-8-1; rfdě-, ri-s-i; svādě-, svă-s-i.
Nasals. måne-, man-s-i.

Liquids, &c. vell-, vul-s-1 (post-Augustan cf. § 683); gěs-, (Pr. gěr-), ges-s-i; üs-, (Pr. ür-), us-s-i.

hæsè- (?), (Pr. hære-), hæ-8-1; hausī- (Pr. hauri-), hau-s-i. (Cf. p. 247 and Preface.)

Semivowel. rāvi-, -rad--i (rare).

iv. (a) Perfect formed by suffixing ul (vowel). 676 Labials. P. B. strěp-, strep-u-i.

crépă-, crèp-u-1 (very rarely -crepāvi); căbă-, (Pr. also cumb-), cúb-u-i (rarely cubāvi).

albe-, (Pr. also albesc-), alb-u-i; håbě-, håb-u-i; lůbě-, lůb-u-it; růbě-, (Pr. also rubesc-), růb-u-i; sěně-, (Pr. senesc-), sen-u-i; sorbe-, sorb-u-i; stůpě-, (Pr. also stúpesc-), stŭp-u-i; tābě-, (Pr. also tābesc-), tāb-u-i; těpě-, (Pr. also těpesc-), těp-u-1; torpě-, (Pr. also torpesc-), torp-u-i.

răpi-, răp-u-i; résịpi-, (Pr. resipisc-), résip-u-i (also rėsipīvi).

M. frěm-, frěm-u-i; gěm-, gěm-u-i; trěm-, trěm-u-i; võm-, vom-u-i.

domă.-, dóm-u-i; timě,, tim-u-i.

Gutturals. C. frică, fric-u-i; mică-, mic-u-i (but dimicāvi); 677 ēněcă, ēněc-u-i, (also ēněc-ā-vi); -plică-, plic-u-i, (also plic-ā-vi);

9

ac-, (Pr. also acesc-), ắc-u-1; arce-, arc-u-i; đặce-, déc-u-1; dôcě-, doc-u-i; flaccě-, (Pr. also flaccesc-), flacc-4-1; jăcă-, jac-u-i; licè-, lic-u-it; liqvě-, (Pr. also liqvesc-), lic-u-i; marcée, (Pr. also marcesc-), -marc-u-i; nocě-, nòc-u-i; plăcěc, plăc-u-i; tăce- (-ticesco), tă 3-u-i.

G. éęě-, ég-u-i; langvě-, (Pr. also langvesc-), -lang-u-i; pigě-, pig-u-it; rigě-, (Pr. also rigesc-), rig-u-1; vigě-, (Pr. also vigesc-), vig-u-i.

Den:als. T. met-, mess-u-i” (old and rare); stert-, stert-u-i; 678 těr-, -těr-u-i (once in Tibull.; usually trivi).

The suffix -ui or -vi is supposed by most philologers to be for fut. Thus the Umbrian ambre-fust is said to correspond to ambiverit, But, if vi and fui are from the same root, they are probably sister forms only. Key considers the vor u to be the same as w in Germ. wesen, Engl. was, which was lost in the Latin -es (sum).

7 Messui is perhaps a secondary derivative, and stands in the same relation to meto, messum that statui does to sto, statum.