Chap. XXIII]

Of the Perfect Stem. leg them.

větă-, vět-u-i (in Pers. once vět-ā-vi).

lătě-, (Pr. also lătesc-), lăt-u-i; obmūtě-, (Pr. obmutesc-), obmūt-u-i; nĭtě-, (Pr. also nitesc-), nit-u-i; innōtě-, (Pr. innōtesc-), innōt-u-i; Ŏportě-, Ŏport-u-it; pœnitě-, pœnit-u-it; pătě-, (Pr. also pătesc-), păt-u-i; pûtě-, (Pr. also putesc-), pūt-u-i.

D. candě-, (Pr. also candesc-), cand-u-i; crúdě-, (Pr. crudesc-), crud-u-i; mădě-, (Pr. also mădesc-), măd-u-i; půdě-, pud-u-it; sordě-, (Pr. also sordesc-), sord-u-i; obsurdě-, (Pr. obsurdesc-), obsurd-u-i.

Nasals, Liquids, &c. N. -căn-, -căn-u-i (but căn-, cěcini); găn-, 679 (Pr. gign-), gen-u-i.

sõnă-, sõn-u-i; tònă-, tõn-u-i.

ēmině-, emin-u-i; mõně-, mõn-u-i; sĕne- (Pr. usually sěnesc-), sẽn-u-i; těně-, těn-u-i; ēvāně- (Pr. ēvānesc-), ēvān-u-i.

L. ǎl-, ǎl-u-i; còl-, cŏl-u-i; consul-, consul-u-i; mõl-, mõl-u-i; Ŏl-, (also člě-), Ŏl-u-i; võl-, (Pr. inf. velle), võl-u-i.

călě-, (Pr. also călesc-), căl-u-i; calle-, (Pr. also callesc-), call-u-i; coalě-, (Pr. coalesc- intrans.; comp. ǎio trans.), coăl-u-i; dõlě-, dŏl-u-i; pallě-, (Pr. also pallesc-), pall-u-i; silě-, (Pr. also silesc-), sil-u-i; stùdě-, stŭd-u-i; vălě-, (Pr. also vǎlesc-), văl-u-i.

ēvilě-, (Pr. ēvīlesc-), ēvīl-u-i.

săli-, săl-u-i (rarely sălii).

R. sĕr-, sĕr-u-i.

ārě-, (Pr. also āresc-), ār-u-i; cărě-, căr-u-i; clārě-, (Pr. also claresc-), clar-u-i; crebre-, (Pr. crebresc-), crēbr-u-i; důrě-, (Pr. düresc-), dür-u-i; flōrě-, (Pr. also fiōresc-), flōr-u-i; horrě-, (Pr. also horresc-), horr-u-i; mature-, (Pr. mātūresc-), mātūr-u-i; měrĕ-, měr-u-i; nigre-, (Pr. also nigresc-), nīgr-u-i; pārĕ-, pār-u-i; terrě-, terr-u-i.

ǎpĕrī-, ǎpĕr-u-1; Ŏpěrī-, õpĕr-u-i; sărī-, săr-u-i (also sǎrīvi).

S. deps-, deps-u-i: nex-, nex-u-i; põs-, (Pr. pōn-), pŏs-u-i; tex-, tex-u-i.

cense-, cens-u-i; tors-, (Pr. torrě-), torr-u-L

Semivowels. ferv- (also fervě- and ferve-sc-), ferb-u-i (also

fervi).

iv. (b) Perfect stem formed by suffixing ▾ (consonant).

680

681

The consonantal v is suffixed to vowel stems only (except pasco?), and the preceding vowel is always long.

All regular verbs with stems in ā- or 1- (unless otherwise mentioned) have their perfect stem formed in this way. So also

Labials. cùpi-, (Pr. cùpi-, except once cupīret), cupi-v-i; săpi-, (Pr. săpi-), sapi-v-i.

Dentals. poti-, (Pr. pět-), petī-v-i; rùdī-, (Pr. rúd-), rudī-v-i.

Sibilant. arcessi-, (Pr. arcess-), arcessi-v-i; căpessi-, (Pr. capess-), capessī-v-i; făcessi-, (Pr. facess-), facessī-v-i; incessī-, (Pr. incess-), incessī-v-i; lăcessi-, (Pr. lacess-), lacessï-v-i; pòsi-, (Pr. pōn-), pozi-v-i (always in Plaut., Ter., also in Cato, Catull.: for posui see § 680); quæsi-, (Pr. quær-), quæsï-v-i.

păs-, (Pr. pasc-, for pas-sc-), pā-v-i (cf. § 93. 2). Monosyllabic vowel verbs: (also oleo, quiesco).

A. să-, (Pr. sĕr-), sē-v-i; strā-, (Pr. stern-), strā-v-i, 0. no-, (Pr, nosc-), nō-v-i.

U. fu- (§ 719), fü-v-i (Plaut. but usually fui); comp. plu($648), plüvi (also plui).

E. cre-, (Pr. cer-n-), crẻ-v-i; crē-, (Pr. cre-sc-), crẽ-v-i; flē-, fē-v-i; dēlē-, delē-v-i; nē-, në-v-1; -ŏlē- (e.g. abole-sc-o, adole-sc-o, obsole-sc-o), -ölē-v-i; -plē-, -plē-v-i; quië-, (Pr. quiesc-), quie-v-i; sprē-, (Pr. sper-n-), sprē-v-i; svē- (Pr. sve-sc-), svē-v-i.

I. ci-, (Pr. ciē-, also cï-), cî-v-i; I-, (Pr. ind. 1st pers. eo), I-v-i; li-, (Pr. lîn-), li-v-i and lē-v-i; qui-, (Pr. ind. 1st pers. queo), qui-v-i; sci-, (Pr. sci-sc-; besides the regular i verb, scio), scī-v-i; si-, (Pr. sin-), sī-v-; trī-, (Pr. tĕr-), trī-v-i (cf. § 678).

v. Perfect stem, same as present stem.

This is frequent (1) in the compounds of verbs of which the simple has a reduplicated perfect (see Chap. XXX.); (2) by the dropping of v, in perfects, in -īvi, -ēvi, -āvi (see §§ 661, 662); (3) regularly in verbs with -u stems, which with other, chiefly consonantal, stems are here named:

Labials. bib-, bibi; lamb-, lambi.

Gutturals. ic-, ici.

langv-e, langvi (cf. § 669); conigvě-, (Pr. cōnive-), conīvi (also conixi).

Dentals. T. vert-, vert-i.

D. cand-, -cand-i; cüd-, cũd-i; -fend-, -fend-i; fid-, (Pr. find-), fid-i (probably for fefid-i); mand-, mand-i; pand-, pandi; prehend-, prehend-1; scand-, scand-i; scld-, (Pr. scind-), seïd-i (scicid-i old); sīd-, sīdi-; retund-, retundi.

prand-e-, prand-i; strīd-e-, strīd-i.

682

683

Liquids and Sibilants.

L. psall-, psall-i; võl-, (Pr. vell-), vell-i (rarely vulsi).

R. verr-, verr-i.

compĕr-i-, compĕr-i; repĕri-, rěppěr-i (both probably compounds of a perfect pěpěri).

S. pins-, (also pīs-), pins-i; vīs-, vīs-1.

Vowels.

U, vowel and consonant.

ăcu-, acu-i; argu-, argu-i; bātū-, batū-i; exu-, exu-i; fu-, fu-i (in Plautus sometimes fü-vi); gru-, gru-i; imbu-, imbu-i; indu-, indu-i; lũ-, lu-i; mětů-, mětu-i; mĭnů-, minu-i; plù-, plu-i, also plūvi; nù-, nu-i; spù-, spu-i; stătū-, stătu-i; sternu-, sternu-i; sū-, su-i; tribu-, tribu-i.

solv-, solv-i; volv-, volv-i.

ferve-, ferv-i (also ferbui).

I. ǎdi-, (Pr. ind. 1st pers. sing. adeo), ǎdi-i; so usually the compounds of eo; inqui-, (Pr. ind. inquam), inquii; sălī-, sal-i-i (rare, usually sălui).

584

Among those verbs which have no perfect active in use 685 the following non-derivative verbs may be mentioned.

Liquids. fer-, (Pr. inf. ferre: perfect in use, tüli); für-; gavid-, (Pr. gāud-e-, gavīsus sum).

Vowels. E. vi-e-.

Lai-, (Pr. ind. alo); fï-, (Pr. ind. fio).

CHAPTER XXIV.

OF THE SUPINE STEM.

THE supine stem has a common base with the stem of the past 686 and the future participles, and that of some verbal substantives, to which class the supines themselves belong; e. g. supine, ama-t-u- ; past part. amā-t-o-; fut. part. amā-t-üro-; subst. denoting agent, ama-t-ōr-; denoting action ama-t-iōn-. This common base, which will be here spoken of as the supine stem, is -t- suffixed to the stem of the verb. When the verb-stem ends in a vowel, the vowel is, it long, generally retained; if short, almost always changed, (except in monosyllables), to I (§ 241), or omitted altogether. A few verbs which have a consonant stem, have -It- instead of -t in the supine, as if from a vowel stem. When the verb-stem ends in a consonant, or loses its final vowel, the -t is, when following certain consonants, changed to -s. A few other instances of this softening admit of special explanation.

The verbs here will be classified according as they do or do not exhibit a vowel before the supine suffix, and, subordinately to that, according to the final vowel or consonant of the verb stem.

N.B. The supine itself will be here named whenever either supine, past participle, or verbal substantive in -tu exists: otherwise such other form from the same base, as does exist.

i. Verbs with a vowel preceding the supine suffix. 687

A. I. Verbs having a in supine stem; na- (for gĕnă? Pr. inf. nasci), nātum; strā-, (Pr. stern-), strā-tum; tla-, (Pr. toll-), la-tum; ǎmā-, ămā-tum; and all other verbs with derivative ä stems.

frică-, frică-tum (also fric-tum); mică-, -micā-tum; něcă-, něcā-tum (but cf. § 700); sẽcă-, secaturus (once).

2. Verbs having -ǎ in supine stem; dă-, dă-tum; ră-, (Pr. inf. 688 rēri: for the vowel, cf. § 668), rătum; să-, (Pr. sĕr-), să-tum; stă-, (Pr. inf. stare; also sistĕre), stă-tum (but in some compounds stā-turus).

3. Verbs having -1 (for -ǎ) in supine stem; crěpă-, crepi-tum; cùbă-, (Pr. also cumb-), cubi-tum; dŏmă-, dŏmi-tum; -plică-, -plicitum (also plică-tum); sõnă-, sõnĭ-tum (sonā-turus, once); tōnă-, tōnĭ-tum (intonā-tus, once); větă-, větĭ-tum.

In juvǎ-, jū-tum (rarely juvā-turus); lăvă- (also lăv-), lau-tum ; the I is absorbed by the v preceding.

0.

no-, (Pr. nosc-), nō-tum; pō-, (whence pōtare frequentative) 689 pō-tus; cogno- (cf. § 647), (so also agno-), cogni-tum.

U. I. Verbs having u in supine stem; ǎcu-, ǎcu-tum; argü-, 690 argu-tum; dilu-, dilü-tum; exu-, exü-tum; glū- (Pr. glūtā-, frequentative) glū-tus, adj.; imbū-, imbū-tum; indū-, indü-tum ; metű-, metu-tum (Lucr. once); minu-, minū-tum; -nū-, nū-tum (abnuiturus in Sall.); spü-, spü-tum; stătũ-, stătu-tum; sũ-, sũ-tum; tribū-, tribù-tum; tū- (Pr. tue- usually), tū-tum.

löqv-, locü-tum; seqv-, sěců-tum; solv-, solù-tum; volv-, volutum.

fru- (for frugv-) has rarely fruitūrus (usually, fruc-tum).

2. Verbs having -ŭ in supine stem; ru-, ră-tum, (but rūtum 691 according to Varr.; fut. part. is rui-tūrus); pů-, (whence půtāre frequentative), pu-tus (adj.); clù-, (almost always clue-), -clutum (inclütus).

E. I. Verbs having -ē in supine stem; crē-, (Pr cern-, also 692 Pr. cresc-), crētum; delē-, delē-tum; fē-, (Pr. fētā-, frequentative), fē-tus (adj.); flē-, flē-tum; nē-, nē-tum (Ulp.); -olē- (Pr. obs-, exolesc-), -õlē-tum; -plē-, plē-tum; quië-, quiē-tum; svē-, (Pr. svesc-), svētum; sprē-, (Pr. spern-), sprē-tum.

2.

Verbs having - in supine stem; věgě-, věgě-tus (adj.); 693 viě-, viě-tum (Hor., but viē-tum Ter. Lucr.).

3. Verbs having 1 (for -ě) in supine stem; ǎböle-, ǎbŏlí-tum; căli-, căli-turus; cări-, cără-turus; dõli-, dõli-turus; exercě-, exercítum; hǎbě- (and compounds dēbě-, præbě-), hăbi-tum; jăcě-, jăcăturus; lice-, lici-tum; lůbě-, lŭbĭ-tum; měrě-, měrĭ-tum; misĕrě-, misĕri-tum (rarely misertum); mõně-, moni-tum; něcě-, nŏci-tum; pārĕ-, pari-turus; pigě-, pigi-tum; plăcě-, plăci-tum; půdě-, půdĭtum; sõlě-, soli-tum; tăcě-, tăcă-tus (adj.); terrě-, terri-tum; vălě-, vali-turus; věrě-, věrĭ-tum. Sorbě- has subst. sorbi-tio.

căvě-, căvi-tum (old: usually cau-tum); făvě-, fau-tum (for favi- 694 tum; cf. făvitor Plaut.). So also fövě-, fō-tum; mŏvě-, mō-tum; vŎvě-, võtum.