I. (1) Verbs having -1 in supine stem; audi-, audi-tum; and €95 others which have -īvi in perfect, except those in § 655.

blandi-, blandī-tum; largī-, largī-tum; menti-, menti-tum; mõli-, mōlī-tum; parti-, parti-tum; poti-, potī-tum; sorti-, sorti-tum.

sanci-, sanci-tum (sanc-tum more frequently); pěri-, pĕr-ītus, adj. (but in comp. -per-tum); opperi-, opperītum (also oppertum); oblivi-, oblitum (for oblīvitum) probably has stem in 1. Perhaps also pinsi- (usually pins-), pinsi-tum (see Chap. xxx.).

căpi-, căpi-tum; pěti-, (Pr. pět-), pěti-tum; quæsi-, (Pr. quær-), quæsi-tum; rùdí-, (Pr. růd-), rùdí-tum; trī-, (Pr. tĕr-), trītum; arcessi-, (Pr. arcess-), arcessi-tum; so also lacessi-tum, capessi-tum, facessi-tum.

(2) Verbs having -I in supine stem; ci-, (Pr. cie-), ci-tum 696 (sometimes -ci-tum); ï-, (Pr. ind. eo), I-tum); ìï-, (Pr. lîn-), 11tum; qui-, (Pr. ind. queo), qui-tum; sí-, (Pr. sin-), si-tum.

fügi-, fùgi-tum; elici-, elici-tum (but illici-, illec-tum, &c.), mori-, mōrĭ-turus; ori-, ori-tūrus (sup. or-tum); pări-, pări-tŭrus (sup. par-tum); pòsi-, (Pr. pōn-), posi-tum,

Consonant stems. ǎl-, ǎli-tum (more usually al-tum); frem-, 697 frèm-i-tum; gěm-, gěm-i-tum; gĕn- (Pr. gign-), gění-tum; mŏl-, mŏl-Ĭ-tum; strěp-, strěp-i-tum; vòm-, võm-I-tum). In Columelia (no where else) pecto has pectitum.

[Of these supines in -Itum from consonantal stems, alitum is a 698 post-Augustan form, used perhaps to distinguish the participle of alĕre from its use as the adjective al-tus. A like cause may be given for the form molitum, to distinguish from multus; fremitum, gemitum, vomitum would, without the i, have to lose their characteristic m (fren-tum, gen-tum, von-tum), or assume the ugly forms fremptum, gemptum, vomptum (cf. § 70). And gemitum, genitum, would in the former case become identical. Genitum is probably from genǎ- (comp. gna-sc-or); and strepitum may have had a present stem strepǎ- once. Comp, the words in § 688. All have per

fects in -ui.]

ii. Verbs with a consonant preceding the supine 699 suffix.

1. Verbs which retain -t-.

Labials. P. carp-, carp-tum; clěp-, clep-tum; rēp-, rep-tum ; rup-, (Pr. rump-), rup-tum (rumptum, Plaut.); scalp-, scalp-tum; sculp-, sculp-tum; sarp-, sarp-tum; serp-, serp-tum.

ăpi-, (Pr. api-sc-), ap-tum; căpi-, cap-tum; răpÏ-, rap-tum; sæpi-, sæp-tum.

B. glüb-, glup-tum; nŭb (Pr. nüb-), nup-tum; scrīb-, scrip-tum. M. ĕm-, em-p-tum; tem-, (Pr. temn-), tem-p-tum.

Gutturals. After a preceding consonant (except n), the guttural 700 usually falls away.

C. Qv. Coqv-, coc-tum; dic-, (Pr. dic-), dic-tum; dăc-, (Pr. duc), duc-tum; herc- (? Pr. herciscere), herc-tum; ic-, ic-tum; liqv-, (Pr. linqv-), -lic-tum); vic-, (Pr. vinc-), vic-tum.

frică-, fric-tum (also frică-tum); ēněcă-, ēněc-tum; sěcă-, sectum (also secāturus).

arcě-, arc-tum or ar-tum; docě-, doc-tum; misce-, mix-tum (for misc-tum? but cf. § 635: in MSS. often mis-tum); torqvě-,

tor-tum.

ămici-, amic-tum; farci-, far-tum; fulci-, ful-tum; sanci-, sanctum (also sanci-tum); sarcī-, sar-tum; vinci-, vinc-tum.

făcí-, fac-tum; jăcï-, jactum; nanci-, (Pr. nanci-sc-), nanc-tum or nac-tum; -spici-, -spec-tum.

G. GV. (For stems ending in -lg-, -rg, see § 706); ǎg-, ac- 701 tum; cing-, cinc-tum; fig-, (Pr. and Perf. fing-), fic-tum; -flig-, -flic-tum; flugv-, (Pr. flu-), fluc-tus subst., also fluxus adj.; frăg-, (Pr. frang-), frac-tum; frig-, fric-tum; frugv-, (Pr. fru-), fructum; fung-, func-tum; jung-, junc-tum; leg-, lec-tum; ling-, lictum; mig-, (Pr. ming- and mej-), mic-tum and minc-tum; -mung-, -munc-tum; påg-, (Pr. pang-), pactum; pig-, (Pr. and Perf. ping-), pic-tum; plang-, planc-tum; pung-, punc-tum; rěg-, rec-tum; rig-, (Pr. ring-), ric-tus subst.; stingv-, stinc-tum; strig-, (Pr. and Perf. string-), stric-tum; strugv-, (Pr. stru-), struc-tum; súg-, suctum; tăg-, (Pr. tang-), tac-tum; těg-, tec-tum; tingv-, tinc-tum; ungv-, unc-tum; vigv-, (Pr. vīv-), vic-tum,

augě-, auc-tum; lūgě-, luc-tus subst.

-lici-, -lec-tum (except elici-tum).

H. trǎh-, trac-tum; věh-, vec-tum.

Dentals. See §§ 707, 708.

tend-, ten-tum (also tensum; probably the supines of tendo and teneo are mixed); coměd-, comes-tum (rarely).

N. Căn-, can-tus subst.; -măn-, e.g. commin-isc-, commen-tum. těně-, tentum; věnī-, ven-tum.

702

703

L. ǎl-, al-tum; col-, cul-tum; consul-, consul-tum; occùl-, occul-tum; vol- (Pr. inf. velle), vultus, subst. expression.

adole (Pr. adolesc-), adul-tum (see Chap. xxx.).

sălī-, sal-tum; sěpěli-, sěpul-tum.

R. cĕr-, (Pr. cern-), cer-tus adj. (also crē-, crē-tus); sĕr-, -sertum (also serta, n. pl. garlands).

Ŏri-, or-tum (cf. § 696); ǎpěrī-, aper-tum; pări-, par-tum.

S. deps-, deps-tum; fès-, (Pr. fèri-1?), fes-tum (e.g. infes-tus, 704 manifes-tus); gěs-, (Pr. gĕr-), ges-tum; păs-, (Pr. pasc-), pas-tum; pīs-, pis-tum; quès-, (Pr. quĕr-), ques-tum; tex-, tex-tum; ūs-, (Pr. ur-), us-tum; tors-, (Pr. torre-), tos-tum.

hausī-, (Pr. hauri-), haus-tum; põsí-, (Pr. pōn-), pos-tum (sometimes).

2. Verbs with suffixed: but softened to s by the 705 influence usually either of a preceding dental, or of two consonants of which the first is a liquid. A vowel preceding -sum is always long. (Other cases are but few; and the sum may be partly due to the active perfect (if any) having -si, as it has in all these exceptional cases, except censui, and there the s of the stem is perhaps a substitute for an earlier t.)

Labials. lab-, lap-sum; jůbě-, jus-sum (for jõvě-, jousum?). prem-, pres-sum (for pren-sum).

Gutturals. The guttural usually drops out.

C. QU. parc-, par-sum.

mulcě-, mul-sum.

G. fig-, fixum (but fictum in Varr. R.R.); flugv-, (Pr. flu-), fluxus adj. (fuc-tus subst.); merg-, mer-sum; sparg-, spar-sum.

mulgě-, mul-sum; tergě-, ter-sum.

706

Dentals. The dental either drops out, the preceding vowel 707 being therefore lengthened, or is assimilated. N.B. All dental stems have -sum (see § 702).

1 Fĕrīre seems a suitable verb to which to refer infestus and manifastus; and festus itself is in meaning allied to fēriæ, which Festus (p. 85) derives a feriendis victimis; comp. fœdus fèrīre, to strike a bargain. The differing quantities of e are however noticeable in this last etymology. Fendere, to which these forms are often referred, both ought to make, and does make, fensus, not festus.

T. flect-, flexum; mět-, mes-sum; mitt-, mis-sum; nect-, nexum; nict-, (Pr. nit-), nixum or ni-sum; pect-, pexum (in Columella, pectitum); -plect-, -plexum; vert-, ver-sum; ût-, ü-sum.

fătě-, fas-sum.

sentī-, sen-sum; mentî-, (Pr. mētī-), mensum; senti-, sen-sum.

făti-, (Pr. fatisc-), fes-sus adj.; păti-, pas-sum; quăti-, quas-sum. 708 D. căd-, că-sum; cæd-, cæ-sum; cēd-, ces-sum; claud-, clausum; cûd-, cũ-sum; divid-, divi-sum; ěd-, ē-sum (rarely comes-tum, from coměd-); -fend-, -fen-sum; fïd-, fi-sum; fïd-, fissum; frend-, fres-sum or frē-sum; fud-, (Pr. fund-), fü-sum; læd-, læsum; lūd-, lū-sum ; mand-, man-sum; Ŏd-, -ōsum (e.g. per-ōsus, exōsus); pand-, pan-sum or pas-sum; pend-, pen-sum; plaud-, plau-sum; prehend-, prehen-sum; rād-, rã-sum; rōd-, rō-sum; scand-, scan-sum; scid-, (Pr. scind-), scis-sum; tend-, ten-sum (also ten-tum); trüd-, trūsum; tud- or tund-, tu-sum or tun-sum.

arde-, ar-surus; aud-e-, au-sum; gavid-e-, (Pr. gaude-), gāvīsum; morde-, mor-sum; pende-, pen-sum; prand-, pran-sum; ride-, rī-sum: sĕde-, ses-sum; sponde-, spon-sum; suāde-, suā-sum; tæd-e-, tæ-sum; tonde-, ton-sum; vide-, vī-sum.

ordi-, or-sum; födi-, fos-sum; grădi-, gres-sum (ad-gre-tus is said to have been used by Ennius).

Nasals, Liquids, &c.

N. mǎne-, man-sum.

L. -cell-, -cul-sum; fall-, fal-sum; pell-, pul-sum; sall-, salsum; vell-, vul-sum.

R. curr-, cur-sum; verr-, ver-sum.

S.

cense- (perhaps a derivative from census), cen-sum; hæse- (?) (Pr. hære-), hæ-sum.

hausī- (Pr. hauri-), hau-sūrus (also haus-tum, see p. 247). Many verbs have no supine or other words of this formation in use.

709

The supines are respectively the accusative and ablative (or in 710 some uses apparently the dative), of a verbal noun in -u. They are called respectively active supine, or supine in -um, and passive supine or supine in -u.

From this so-called supine stem are formed, as has been said, the future participle active by suffixing -uro-, sing. nom. -ūrus (m.); -ūra (f.), -ūrum (n.); and the past participle passive, by suffixing the ordinary case endings of the second class; e.g. sing. nom. -us (m.), -ă (f.), -um (n.).

These participles, in the appropriate gender and number, are used in the nominative case with the finite tenses of the verb sum, and in the accusative as well as the nominative with the infinitive of the same verb to supply the place of certain tenses for which there is no special form. The future participle thus supplies additional future tenses in the active voice especially in the subjunctive: the past participle supplies the perfect tenses of the passive voice, whether the passive voice have a strictly passive meaning, or, as in deponents an active or reflexive meaning.

A few instances are found in which the real formation of these compound expressions appears to have been forgotten. Thus Gracchus is said to have used the expression "Credo ego inimicos meos hoc dicturum" (for dicturos); Valerius Antias to have written Aruspices dixerunt omnia ex sententia processurum (Gell. I 7.7).

For the future infinitive passive is sometimes used a combination of the supine in -um and the passive infin. of eo, viz. iri. impersonally; but Plautus has (Rud. 1242), “Mi istæc videtur præda prædatum irier;" and Quintil. IX. 1. 88, "Reus parricidii damnatum iri videbatur."

From Claudius Quadrigarius is quoted "hostium copias iri occupatas futurum" (for occupatum iri). (Gell. 1. 7. 7.)

711