Roman family names: Bassus; Cotta (for cocta?); Natta; Pansa, splay foot? (pand-ěre).

(6) Feminine: buxus, box-tree; taxus, yew.

ålūta, leather; ămîta, a father's sister; ansa, a handle; antisti-ta, a priestess (ante, stăto-); årista, the beard of corn; ballista, a military engine (Báile.v); bēta, beet; blatta, a moth; capsa, a box (căp-ễre?); cătasta, a platform; causa, a cause; cũrussa, cubite lead (as if knpóecoa?); charta, paper (xáprns); costa, a rib; coxa, the hip (comp. Kogóvn); crēta, chalk; crista, a crest; crusta, rind, shell, &c.; cũcurbita, a gourd; culcita, a pillow; fossa, a ditch (fodě-re); gutta, a drop; hasta, a spear; hospita, a guest; impen-sa (sc. pecunia), expense (impend-ěre); instita, a founce or band; jŭven-ta, youth (jůvěn-); matta, a mat; mensa, a table; mēta, a cone; multa, a fine; nota, a mark (cf. § 647); noxa, hurt (noc-ēre); offen-sa, a striking against (offend-ěre); orbita, a wheel track (orbi-); pausa, a pause (Travelv); planta, the sole of the foot; porta, a gate; prætex-ta (sc. toga), a bordered robe (prætex-ěre); prosa (sc. oratio), prose (pro-vert-ere, cf. $ 191. 2); répul-sa, a repulse (repell-ěre); rixa, a quarrel (comp. ěpid-); rosa, a rose (comp. pódov); rota, a wheel; rūta, rue (comp. putń); sæta, a bristle; săgitta, an arrow; sec-ta, a party (sécāre or sèqvi?); sēmíta, a path; sěnecta, old age (sěn-ec-); Sospita (epithet of Juno), Preserver; sporta, a basket (comp. otupid-); tensa, a sacred chariot; testa, a potsherd (for tors-ta, from torrē-re?); ton-sa, an oar (tund-ěre); Vesta, hearth-goddess (comp. ūr-ere, us-tum; 'Estía); vindicta, (1) rod used in the ceremony of manumission; (2) revenge (vinděc-); vīta, life; vitta, a fillet (comp. viēre); võid-ta, a scroll in architecture (volv-ēre).

(c) Neuter: arbátum, wild strawberry; bus-tum, a tomb (comp. com-būr-ěre); compitum, a crossroad (com-pět-ére?); cúbi-tum, the elbow (cůbāre); dēfrútum, must boiled down (defervere ?); dictum, a saying (dīc-ěre); dorsum, a back; exta (pl.), heart, liver, &c. (for ex-sec-ta?); fā-tum, destiny (fā-ri); frétum, a sea strait; frustum, a broken piece (comp. Opaúelv, $ 99.6); furtum, a theft (für-); lētum, death; iú-tum, mud (comp. lăv-āre); lutum, a yellow dye; mentum, the chin (comp. e-minēre, to project); omāsum, bullock's tripe (a Gallic word); pas-sum, raisin wine (pand-ěre, to spread out to dry); pen-sum, a task (pend-ěre, to weigh); pessum (only acc.), ground (pėd-, foot); porten-tum, a portent (portend-ére); prātum, a meadow; prosecta (pl.), parts cut off, e.g. for sacrifice (prosēcāre); pulpitum, a scaffold; punc-tum, a point (pung-ěre, to prick); sæptum, a fence (sæp-ire); saxum, a rock; scortum, a whore (orig. a hide acc. to Varro; comp. cor-ium); scrūta (pl.), trash; scutum, a leather-covered shield (comp. Okūros); sugges-tum, a platform (suggěr-ere); tec-tum, a house (těg-ěre); tes-tum, a pot-lid (torrēre); vervactum, a fallocu-field; virgultum, a thicket (virg-ŭl-a-); võ-tum, a vow (v/v-ēre).

-C-to

790

2.

791

2.

-Us-to i.e. -to appended to a suffix in -os, -us (-or, -ur). 789

angus-tus, narrow (angor-, ang-ěre; comp. äyxelv, to, throttle); aug-us-tus, consecrated (aug-ur-); faus-tus, propitious (făvõr-); on-us-tus, laden (onůs-); rõb-us-tus, strong (robor-); věn-ustus, pretty (věnús-); větus-tus, ancient (vetůs-). -es-to i.e. -to appended to a suffix -os or -us.

fűn-es-tus, deadly (fûn-ús-); hon-es-tus, honourable (hon0-s); intempes-tus, unseasonable (in tempos-); mod-es-tus, (modo-; comp.mod-ěr-ā-ri); mðl-es-tus, troublesome (exhausting, from mol-ěre, to grind?); scěl-es-tus, wicked (scělůs-).

i.e. -to appended to the suffix -ěc, -ic.
1. Adjectives: ūmectus (comp. ūm-ore).

Substantives: cār-ec-tum, reed beds (cār-ěc-); důmec-tum (Fest.), old for dumetum ($ 798. 2); frutec-tum (also in Col. frutetum; comp. fruticetum, § 798. 2), shrubbery (frůtěc-); săl-ic-tum, a willow bed (sălic-); vir-ec-tum, greenery (vir-ēre). -en-to I. Adjectives: cru-entus, bloody (comp. cru-or).

Substantives: (a) feminine: polenta, pearl barley (pollèn-; comp. Tráin); plăcenta, a cake (probably from

acc. of πλακούς). (6) Neuter: arg-entum, silver (comp. åpyós, white); carpentum, a covered two-wheeled carriage; flu-entum, a stream (flu-ěre); pilentum, a covered four-wheeled carriage; tålentum, a balance (válavrov); ungven-tum, ointment (ungvěn-).

So the names of towns: Agrigentum ("Akpayavt-, nom. 'Akpáyas); Bux-entum, Boxgrove (buxo-; Iluçoevt-, nom. Ilvčoîs); Grūm-entum, Hill-town? (grūmo-); Laur-entum, Laurel grove? (lauro-); Tărentum (Tápas); comp. Sipontum (Eltoūs). -m-en-to i.e. -to appended to the suffix -měn ($ 850).

Substantives, neuter; usually derived from verbs. Many

are used chiefly in the plural. åli-mentum, nourishment (ăl-ěre); āmentum, a javelin thang, (for ăpi-mentum, a fitting? comp. ap-tus, ärteLV); argū-mentum, a proof (argu-ěre); armā-menta (pl.), tackle (armā-re); ar-mentum, a plough beast (ărā-re); atramentum, ink (atro-); auctorā-mentum, hire (auctorā-ri); blandī-mentum, soothing (blandi-re); cæ-mentum, quarried stone (cæd-ěre); calcea-mentum, a shoe (calceāre); căpillamentum, hair (capillo-); coag-mentum, a joining (coăg-ěre); cognomentum, a surname (cogno-sc-ěre); complē-mentum (rare), a filling up (complē-re); dehonesta-mentum, a disgrace (dehonestā-re); dētri-mentum, á loss by wear (detěr-ěre; comp. detri-tus); dôcó-mer

792

ium, a lesson (docēre); elė-menta (pl.), first principles (means of growth? comp. člescere); ēmolů-mentum, gain (by grinding; emol-šre); expéri-mentum, a test (expěrī-ri); fer-mentum, yeast (fervere); ferrā-mentum, an iron implement (comp. ferrā-tus); fo-mentum, poultice, &c. (fðvēre); frāg-mentum, a fragment (frang-ěre); frū-mentum, corn (comp. frūges); fundā-mentum, a groundwork (fundā-re); incitā-mentum, an incentive (incitāre); incrē-mentum, increase, germ (incre-sc-ere); instrū-mentum, stock of implements, a ineans (instru-ěre); intertrī-mentum, waste by rubbing (cf. detrimentum); irrītā-mentum, an incentive (irrītā-re); jū-mentum, a least of draught (jung-ěre; comp. júg-um); lā-menta (pl.), lamentation (for clāmāmenta? cf. § 110. 3); lěvā-mentum, a relief (lěvā-re); 10-mentum, a wash (lăv-āre); māchinā-mentum, a macbine (machinā-re); mô-mentum, motion, impulse (mặvỡre); mỏnumentum, a memorial (monēre); nātrī-mentum, nourishment (nūtrire); 7-mentum, a fat membrane; opěri-mentum, a lid (opěrī-re); ornārmentum, an ornament (ornā-re); pălūdāmentum, à military cloak; păvī-mentum, pavement (påvī-re, to beat, ram); pēdāmentum, a prop for vines, &c. (pědā-re, to put feet to); pig-mentum, a paint (ping-ere); pul-mentum, pulpā-mentum, meat (pulpa-); purgā, mentum, refuse (purgā-re); rā-mentum, a scraping, chip (rād-ěre); rūdī-mentum, a trial, beginning (foil-exercise? růdis, a foil?); sæpimentum, a hedge (sæpī-re); sar-mentum, a vine pruning, i.e. a branch requiring to be pruned off (sarp-ěre, to prune); seg-mentum, a strip (sécāre); sternu-mentum, sneezing (sternu-ěre); strā-mentum, straw (stern-ěre, strā-tus); strig-mentum, a scraping (stringore); suffi-mentum, incense (suffi-re); těg-u-mentum (integumentum), a covering (těg-ěre); tempérā-mentum, mixture, moderation (tempěrā-re); testā-mentum, a will (testā-ri); tõ-mentum, stuffing (clippings? comp. tondēre); tor-mentum, a hurling engine (torqvēre); vesti-meatum, a dress (vestī-re); and others. úl-en-to Sometimes the older -Ölento; sometimes the later -Ilento. 793

From real or assumed derivatives in -to, -ti.

Adjectives: corpu-lentus, fleshy (for corpor-ulentus); escu-lentus, eatable (esca-); fraudu-lentus, cheating (fraudi-); grăcilentus, thin (comp. grăcilis); lūcu-lentus, bright (lūci-); perhaps also gainful for lucru-lentus (lucro-); lútu-lentus, muddy (1úto-); măci-lentus, wasted (màcie-); õpů-lentus, wealthy (op;-) ; potu-lenlus, drinkable (poto-); pulvěr-ŭlentus, dusty (pulvis-); pūr-ulentus, festering (pūs-); sangvin-olentus, blood-stained (sangvěn-); tēmulentus, drunken (comp. tēm-ētum); trúcu-lentus, fierce (trúci-); iurbu-lentus, riotous (turba-); vīno-lentus, drunken (vino-); vioientus, violent (vi- for vīsi-). -Eintā ?

Indeclinable adjectives of number, denoting multiples of 794 -ginti s

ten: ginti (or -tā)= decem-ti (or -ta).

vi-ginti, twenty (dvi-děcem-ti, two-ten-ty); trī-gintā, thirty (tri-); quadrāgintā (quatvor-, $ 158); qvinqvägintā, fifty (qvinqve-); sexaginta, sixty (sex); septuāgintā, seventy (septem, see below); octóginta, eighty (octo); nõnāgintā, ninety (nðvem, see below).

Compare centum, supposed to be for decem-decem-ta.

The formation of the higher cardinal numbers is in some points very obscure. The final vowel-i in viginti, ā in the others—is found also in Greek, but there short; e.g. eikool, Dor. eikari: Tplākovta, &c. The ă before the guttural in quadrāginta, &c. is also found in Greek; e.g. tercapākovra, but the origin of none of these vowels is clear. The final i in viginti may be a dual form: the final ā of triginta, &c. is by some considered to be the same as the ordinary å of the neuter plural.

Septuaginta, seventy, is abnormally formed instead of septenginta, probably to avoid confusion with septingenti, seven hundred. Nõnaginta is probably for novin-aginta, the m being assimilated to the initial 1. (Schleicher derives it directly from the ordinal nõno-.) -cento) -gento

} Declinable adjectives of number, denoting multiples of a 195

décenti, two hundred (duo-centum); trěcenti, three hundrea (tri-); quadringenti, four hundred (qvatvor, see below); quingenti, five hundred (for qvinqvigenti); sexcenti, six hundred (sex); septingenti, seven hundred (septem); octingenti, eight hundred (octo, see below); nongenti, nine hundred (nõn is for novem).

The -in in quadringenti and octingenti has perhaps been suggested by septingenti (where it has its justification in septem; for the i cf. § 204. 2. c) and quingenti, where it is radical. It may have been adopted to increase the distinction of the hundreds from the tens.

The difference of the vowel before nt in the hundreds compared with the tens, e.g. quadringenti, quadraginta, is probably due partly to the desire for distinction, partly to the fact that the e of a suffix (decem) more easily passes into i (quadraginta) than the e in centum (quadringenti), which is apparently, though perhaps not really (cf. § 794), radical. -āto 1. Participles from verbs with -a stems ($ 697); e. g. 796

åmātus, &c. loved (amā-re); &c.; or adjectives formed

as such: åců tus, furnished with a sting or thorn (acu-leo-); ădip-atus, fattened (aděp-); ær-atus, of bronze (ees-); alb-atus, clad in white (albo-); ans-atus, with handles (ansa-); arm-atus, armed (armā.

e

re); aur-atus, gilded (auro-); barb-atus, bearded (barba-); brāccatus, breeched (bracca-); căpill-atus, hairy (căpillo-); căpit-atus, with a head (căpůt-); cătēn-atus, chained (cătena-); centări-atus, of the centuries (centúria-); cētr-atus, armed with a short shield (cetra-); cincinnatus, curled (cincinno-); column-atas, furnished with columns (columna-); cord-atus, having good sense (cord-); cothurn-atus, buskined, i.e. tragic (cothurno-); crèpid-atus, sandalled (crèpida-); crēt-atus, chalked (crēta-); crist-atus, crested (crista-); cūri-atus, of the Curic (curia-); dēlịc-atus, arming, dainty (comp. delicia-); dent-atus, toothed (denti-); dīmidi-atus, halved (dīmidio-); Păb-atus, beaned, chiefly as surname (făba-); fæo-atus, made from lees (fæci-); falc-atus, sickle-shaped (falci-); ferr-atus, iron-covered (ferro-); gěnícůlatus, with knees, i.e. jointed (gěni-cúlo-); gutt-atus, speckled (gutta-); hast-atus, armed with spear (hasta-); littér-atus, lettered, i.e. branded or learned (littéra-); lůp-ātus, armed with jagged spikes like wolf's teeth (lůpo-); mör-atus, -mannered (mos); numm-atus, supplied with money (numm-); öbær-atus, moneyed over, i.e. in debt (æs-); öcell-atus, with little eyes or spots (ocello-); ocůl-atus, having eyes (öcủlo-); orbicŭl-atus, rounded (orbicŭlo-); palli-atus, dressed in a Greek cloak (pallio-); pălūd-atus, with the military cloak on (comp. paluda-mentum); palm-ātus, worked with palm-branches (palma-); penn-atus, winged (penna-); pī!-atus, armed with a pike (pīlo-); pilleatus, bonneted (pīlleo-); pinn-atus, feathered (pinna-); prætext-atus, wearing the bordered robe (prætexta-, $ 790); torqv-ātus, wearing a rollar (torqvi-); trăbe-atus, wearing the state robe (tră-bea-); tủnicatus, in a shirt (túnica-); visc-atus, limed (visco-); vitt-atus, filleted (vitta-); ungvent-atus, anointed (ungvento-); and many others,

2. Substantives: arqv-atus, (1) the jaundice, (2) a jaundiced person (arquo-, the rainbow?); pålātum, the palate; victori-atus (sc. nummus), a victory-coin (victoria-). - to ægr-õtus, sick (ægro-). See also § 689. -ūto

Participles from verbs with -u stems ($ 690); e. g. ăcū-tus, sharpened (ācu-ěre); &c.; or adjectives formed

as such, chiefly from substantives with -u stems: ast-utus, crafty (astu-); cinct-utus, girdle-wearing (cinctu-); corn-utus, þorned (cornu-); dēlib-utus, smeared (comp. deißelv); hirs-ūtus, shaggy (comp. birto-); nās-utus, with large, or, metaphorically, sharp nose (nāso-); vers-utus, adroit (versu-, a turning); věr-utus, javelin-armed (veru-). actūtum (adv.), instantly (actu-. See & 528).

Substantives: àluta, leather; cicuta, hemlock; Mātuta, Goddess of dawn (comp. māne?); věrutum, a javelin (veru-). -ēto Į, Participles from verbs with stems in -e ($ 692); 798

e.g. defilētus, lamented (deflēre); &c.: also the adjective, făc-ētus, witty,

797

I.