plic-āt-ilis (Plin.), that may be folded (plică-re); vers-ātilis, revolving, versatile (versā-re); võl-āt-ilis, winged (völä-re).

(2) from nouns:

ăqv-ātilis, living in water (ăqva-); ferr-ātilis (Plaut.), of slaves often fettered, living in iron (ferro-); flŭvi-ātilis, belonging to a river (fluvio-); piscatum hamatilem et saxatilem (Plaut. Rud. 299), fishing with books and on rocks (hāmo-, saxo-); umbr-atilis, in the shade (umbra-).

ǎdĭti-alis, on entering office (ăditu-); æqv-ālis, level (æqvo-); ambarv-alis (Fest.), that goes round the fields (amb, arva); ǎnimālis, having life (ănĭma-); ann-alis, for a year, relating to a year (anno-); arv-ālis, only of the college called Fratres arvales (arvo-); augur-alis, of augurs (augur-); austr-alis, southern (austro-); bĭpĕd-alis, two feet long (bis, pěd-); brūm-alis, of mid-winter (brùma-); căpit-alis, of the head, deadly (căpăt-); centumvir-alis, of the court of the Hundred men (centum, viro-); comiti-alis, of the assembly (comitio-); conjectur-alis, conjectural (conjectura-); conjug-alis (Col., Tac.), of marriage (conjug-); conviv-alis, of a dinner party (conviva-); corpor-alis (Sen., Dig.), of the body (corpos-); crin-alis (Verg., Ov.), of the hair (crini-); Dialis of the day-god, i. e. Jupiter (die-); dōt-alis, belonging to a dowry (dōti-); ēsuri-alis (Plaut.), of hunger (esurie-); extempor-alis (Quint., &c.), extemporaneous (ex, tempore); fat-alis, of the fates, destined, fatal (fato-); fer-alis, of the dead; Flor-alis, of the Flower Goddess (flora-); fluvi-alis (Verg., Col.), of a river (ŭvio-); frugali- (only in comp. and sup.), thrifty (früg-); fulgur-alis (Cic. once), of lightning (fulgür-); füri-alis, of the furies, raging (füria-); génĕr-alis, of a class, general (gěnŭs-); gěni-alis, of the Genius, joyful, nuptial (gěnio-); gěnít-alis, of birth or generation (gěnito-); greg-alis, of the herd, common (grèg-); hiĕm-alis, of winter (hiĕm-); histriōn-alis (Tac.), of an actor, stagy (histriōn-); hospit-alis, of a guest or host (hospět-); illībĕr-alis, unworthy of a freeman (in, liběro-); infiti-alis, consisting of a denial (infitia-); lēg-alis (Quint.), of the law (leg-); judi i-alis, of the courts of justice (judicio-); jug-alis, of a yoke (júgo-); jüridici-alis, relating to a question of rightful conduct (jus- dic-ère; cf. Corn. I. 14); lībĕr-alis, of a freeman (lībĕro-), libr-ālis (Plin., Col.), of a pound (libra-); lustr-alis, of purification (lustro-); mănă-alis, for the hand (mănu-); mărītalis, of married persons (mărito-); Marti-alis, of Mars (marti-) ; mātrōn-alis, matronly (matrona-); mōr-alis (first formed by Cic.), of conduct (mõs-); mort-ālis, subject to death, human (morti-); mûr

879

880

alis, of walls (müro-); nāt-ālis, of birth (nāto-); nātūr-alis, natural (nātūra-); nāv-alis, of ships (nāvi-); němŏr-alis, of groves (němos-); niv-alis, of snow (nivi-); nupti-alis, of a wedding (nuptia-); pac-alis (Ov.), of peace (pāci-); părent-alis, of parents (părenti-); (Lucr.) pěnětr-alis, penetrating (pěnětrā-re) innermost (from an assumed pěnětrum?); plur-alis (Quint.), plural (plüsi-); plŭvi-alis, rainy (pluvia-); princip-alis, of the chief, chief (princep-); provinci-alis, of a province (provincia-); pute-alis, of a well (puteo-); qvälis, of what kind (quo-); qvinqvenn-alis, happening every five years (quinqve, anno-); ratiōn-alis, having or belonging to reason (rătiōn-); rēg-alis, kingly (rēg-); sesqvĭpĕd-alis, a foot and a half in measure (sesquiped-); soci-alis, of companions or allies (socio-); spěcí-alis (Sen., Quint.), special (spècie-); tālis, such (to-, comp. tam, tum); tempor-alis, of time; also post-Aug. temporary (tempòs-); theātr-alis, theatrical (theatro-); triumph-alis, triumphal (triumpho-); vectīg-alis, of taxes, tax-paying; vēn-alis, for sale (vēno-); virgin-alis, maidenly (virgon-); vit-alis, of life, long-lived (vīta-); võc-alis, voiceful (võc-) and others.

2. Substantives: many of these stems are also used as adjectives, some of which are given above:

(a) Masculine: ann-alis, a history (anno-); căn-alis. a conduit (comp. canna, a reed?); comiti-alis, an epileptic (comitio-); cōntubern-alis, a comrade (com, tăberna-); Curi-alis, a man of the district (curia-); fēti-alis, a priest ambassador; mājālis, a barrowbog; nāt-ālis, a birthday; nāt-āles (pl.), lineage (nāto-); rīv-alis, a rival, i.e. a person living on the same stream as another (rivo-); sŎdalis, a mate.

Proper names:

(b) Neuter (cf. § 424): ǎnimal, a breathing thing (anima-); augur-ale, the augurial tent (augur); Baccan-al, a place for rites of Bacchus (as if from Baccano-, Baccho-); bident-al, a place consecrated, because struck by lightning (called from sheep sacrificed, bidenti-?); căpit-al, a capital crime (căpăt-); cervic-al, a bolster (cervix-); cubit-al, an elbow-cushion (cubito-); dent-alia (pl.), plough-irons (denti-); fōc-ale, a neckcloth (fauci-); front-alia (pl.), frontlets (fronti-); genu-ālia (pl. Ov. once), garters (genu-); Lúperc-al, a place sacred to Pan (Luperco-); minūt-al, mincemeat (minuto-); pěnětr-ale, a sanctuary (see above, § 880, 1); pute-al, à stone curb round a well (puteo-); qvadrant-al, a firkin (really 5gall.; a measure containing a fourth, quadranti-, of some other measure); rām-alia (pl.), twigs (rāmo-); scut-ale (Liv. once), a leathern thong (scuto-); spons-alia (pl.), a betrothal (sponso-); tor-al, a couch-valance (toro-); tribün-al, a judgment-seat (tribūno-); vectigal, a tax (cf. § 963).

So also many names of feasts; in the plural neuter (cf. § 425). (The time of the year, when fixed, is here added as well as the name of the god or goddess, which however appears sometimes to be an invention of the Roman etymologers. See Mommsen, Corp. Inscr. Rom. i. pp. 375-410.)

Agonalia, Jan. 9, Mar. 17, Dec. 11 (of sacrifice? ăgère; comp. dywv?) Angeronalia, Dec. 21 (Angerona); Baccanalia (Bákxos); Carmentalia, Jan. 11 and 15 (Carmentis); Cerialia, Apr. 19 (Cères); Compitalia, feast of the Cross Roads (compito-); Consualia, Aug. 21, and Dec. 15 (Consus, stem conso-); Fēralia (but Fěralia, Ov.) All Saints' Day, Feb. 21. (fer-re, to bring offerings); Floralia, Apr. 21 (Flora); Fontinalia (Fontanalia), Feast of Water Springs (fonti-); Fornacalia, Oven day (Fornax); Furrinalia, Jul. 25 (Furrina); Larentalia (Larentinalia), Dec. 23 (Acca Larentia); Liberalia, Mar. 17 (Liber); Lupercalia, Feb. 15 (Lüpercus); Matralia, Jan. 1I (Mater Matuta, Mother dawn?); Meditrinalia, Oct. 11 (Varr. L. L. 6. 21); Neptunalia, Jul. 23 (Neptūnus); Opalia, Dec. 29 (Ops); Paganalia, Village festivals (pāgāno-); Parentalia, Feb. 13-21, sacred to the dead (parentāre, to sacrifice); Portunalia, Aug. 17 (Portunus); Quirinalia, Feb. 17 (Quirinus); Robigalia, Apr. 25, Mildew day (Rõbugo); Saturnalia, Dec. 17-19 (Saturnus); Terminalia, Feb. 23, Boundary day (Terminus); Vestalia, Jun. 9 (Vesta); Vinalia, Apr. 23, Aug. 19, Wine day; Volcanalia, Aug. 23 Volcānus); Volturnalia, Aug. 27 (Volturnus).

-üli

-ēli

-ili

curu-lis, of a chariot, hence sella curulis, an official chair 881
(curru-); ěd-ulis (usually in n. pl.), eatable (ed-ĕre);
pěd-ulis (Ulp.), for the feet (pěd-); trību-lis (subst. m.),
a tribes-man (tribu-).

crud-elis, cruel (crudo-, raw); fide-lis, faithful (fide-);
infidelis, unfaithful; patru-elis, of (i. e. descended from)
a father's brother (patruo-).

1. Adjectives: ǎn-ilis, of an old woman (ănu-); civilis, 882 of a citizen (civi-); ĕr-ilis, of a master (ero- or hĕro-); exilis (contr. for exigilis), small; fabr-ilis, of a workman (fǎbro-); gent-ilis (adj., only post-Aug.), of a clan (genti-); host-ilis, of an enemy (hosti-); jŭvěn-ilis (also jŭvěnälis, Verg., Suet.), youthful (júvěn-); puĕr-ilis, of a boy (puěro-); scurr-ilis, buffoon-like (scurra-); sen-ilis, of old people (sen-); serv-flis, slavish (servo-); subtilis (for subtexiiis), suitable for woof (cf. § 113), fine; vir-ilis, of a man (viro-).

2. Substantives: (a) masculine: Ed-ilis, commissioner of Public Buildings (ædi-); Aprilis, the opening month (from the bursting of vegetation, ǎpěrīre); Qvint-ilis, the fifth month, i.e. July (quinto-); Sextilis, the sixth month, i. e. August (sexto-).

(b) Neuter: ancile, an oval shield (for ancidile; am, cædere); bov-ile or būbile, an ox-stall (bŎv-, § 76); căpr-ile, a goat-stall (căpro-); cùb-ile, a bed (cubare); ĕqv-ile, a horse-stable (ĕqvo-); fen-ilia (pl.), baylofts (fēno-); hast-ile, a spear shaft, spear (hasta-); incile, a cut, i.e. a ditch (for incīdile, incīd-ĕre); mant-ilia (pl., also mantēlia), napkins (mănu-?); mon-ile, a necklace; ov-ile, a sheepfold (Ŏvi-); Păr-ilia (pl.), feast of Pales (Pali- cf. § 176, 7); sed-ile, a seat (sĕd-ēre, sēdi-); suovetaur-iiia (pl.), a swine-sheepand-bull sacrifice (su-, Ŏvi-, tauro-).

Compound stem-endings: -lico, § 771; -ülento, § 793; -ultu, § 800; -lenti §, 807; -lōsɔ, -īculōso, § 814; -ilēno, -līno, §§ 837, 841; -ilagon, § 845; -ullŭlo, -ellŭlo, -illŭlo, -allo, -aullo, -ɔllo, -ullo, -ello, -illo, §§ 865-869; -lio, alio, -ēlio, -illio, § 937-939, 949.

-ro

CHAPTER VIII.

LINGUAL NOUN STEMS (Continued).

iii. Stems ending in -ro.

Preceded by r. (Stems with other letters, whether radi- 883 cal or suffixal, preceding r will be found below.)

(a) Masculine: barrus, an elephant; carrus, a waggon; cirrus, a curl; scurra, a buffoon.

(b) Feminine: ǎcerra, an incense box; cerrus, the Turkey oak; gerræ (pl.), trifles (comp. yéppov, a wickerwork); marra, a weeding book; parra, a barn ow!?; săburra, sand as ballast (comp. sabulum?); serra, a saw; terra, the earth (torrēre); văcerrà, a log; viverra, a ferret.

-ǎro

(c) Neuter: ferrum, iron; porrum, a leek (comp. πрáσον).

hăra, a pigsty; hilărus (cf. § 429), cheerful; samara, 884
elm seed; spărus, a hunting spear; suppărum, a linen
under-garment, a topsail; and (perhaps with ǎ) varus,
a pimple.

-Ŏro

-ŭrɔ

-ěro

ancòra, an anchor (comp. äyκūpa); fòrus, a hole, a gang-
way; förum, a market-place; lòra, thin wine; mòra (also
rěmòra, Plaut.), delay; tõrus, a couch, muscle of arm, &c.

cămurus (adj.), curved-in; sătŭr (adj.), sated; sătura, a
medley, hence, a satire; purpura, purple (for roрpúpa).
1. Adjectives:

æger, sick; asper, rough; crěpěro- (§ 346), dark (comp. Kvépas); fèrus, savage (cf. § 99); infer (so Cato, but usually in pl.), below (comp. infra); integer, untouched, whole (in, tang-ĕre); měrus, pure, unmixed; miser, wretched; niger, black; nūpěrum (acc. m., Plaut.), recent (cf. § 540); piger, lazy (comp. piget); pro-pěrus, hasty; prosperus, favourable (pro, spes-?); super (so Cato, but usually in pl.), above (sup-er); těner, tender, soft (holdable? ten-ere); văfer, sly.

2. Substantives:

(a) Masculine: åger, a field (comp. ¿ypós); căper, a goat (comp. Kárpos, wild boar); ĕrus, a master; gener, a son-in-law (comp. yau-B-pós); numerus, a number (comp. véμ-ew, to distribute); puer, a boy; umerus (hümerus), a shoulder (comp. μ-os).

(b) Feminine: Juniperus, a juniper tree.

cămera, a vault (from kaμápa?); capra, a she-goat; cùmera, a chest; ĕdera (hěděra), ivy; ěra, a mistress; opera, work, attention, a workman (òpi-); phǎleræ, horse-trappings (from páλapa); puera (rare and early), a girl; sěra, a bolt; tessera, a die, or square tablet (comp. réσoapes, four); vespera, evening (comp. éσπéρa); vipera, a viper (for vivi-păra?).

(c) Neuter: flagrum, a whip; jūgerum (cf. § 458), two-thirds of an acre; scalprum, a chisel (scalp-ĕre); serum, whey (comp. ópós and § 190).

-b-éro-}

-b-ro

2.

1. Adjectives:

creber, close (comp. cre-sc-ère, cělěbri-); gibber, humped (gibbo-); glaber, smooth, hairless (comp. yλúpew, to peel); liber, free (comp. IIb-et); rüber, red; scaber, rough, scurvy (comp. scăb-ies).

Substantives:

(a) Masculine: coluber (also colubra, f.), a snake; fåber, a smith; fiber, a beaver; Līber, a name of Bacchus; liber, the inner bark, a book (for fli-ber; comp. pλouós, bark? or comp. glaber, yλáþew); Mulciber, Vulcan.

885

886