Neuter: aud-Itor-ium, a lecture-room; adjü-tor-ium (post-Aug.), assistance; cēnā-toria (pl.), dinner dress; condi-tor-ium, a storehouse ; dēvor-sor-ium, an inn; dīrib-itõr-lum, a ballot-distributing place; portorium, a toll (harbour or gate toll? portu-, porta-); pree-tor-lum, the general's tent; promunt-or-ium (promunturium, Fleck.), a headland (prominēre?); reposi-tör-ium, a dumbwaiter; sēciū-sõrium (Varr.), a place of retreat (secluso-); tec-tor-lum, plaster of walls (tecto-); tentor-ium, a tent (tento-); territorium, a territory (terr-ēre? i.e. a place from which people are warned off). eio plēbeius, of the commons (plebe-). For proper names

see $ 951.

Compound stem-endings: lăco, § 775; -lensi, § 815; -lano, $ 832; -lēno, $ 837; -1on, -cion, -tion (-sion), $ 852–854.

944

sense.

iii. Proper names with stems ending in -10. A vast number of Roman names have stems ending in -10. They are properly adjectives, and the suffix -io is probably the same as the genitival suffix seen in illius (illo-ius), cuius (quo-ius; also used as adjective, $ 379), &c. Thus Claud-ius is of Lame, i. e. (often) Lame's son (comp. John Williams =William's John). Most of these names are clan-names, i.e. nomina in the strict

Some are prænomina. (These have here 'præn.' appended). The names are selected principally from those occurring in the Corp. Inscr. Lat. Vol. I., especially in the Fasti. Few are postAugustan only. The quantity of the vowels is marked only when distinct authority for it, either from poetry or Greek transcription, has been found. p-io Ampius; Appius (præn.); Oppius; Pāpius; Püpius; Ulpius. 945 b-io Alblus (albo- white); Bæbius; Făbius (făba-, bean); Vībius. m-10 Memmius; Mummius; Opimius (opimo-, fat); Postůmius

(postůmo- last); Septimius (septimo-, seventh). v-io Băvius; Flavius (flāvo- yellow); Pulvius (fulvo- tawny);

Gavius (probably same as Gaius: comp. gau-dium, yaūpos, yale.v); Helvius (helvo- yellow); Livius (comp. līvēre,

to be blue); Mævius ; Nævius (nævo- wart); Nðvius (nðvo-, new); Octāvius (octāvo-, eighth), Pācủvius; Salvius (salvo- safe); Servius, præn. (servo-, slave); Silvius

(silva-, a wood); Vitruvius. f-io

Alfius; Fufius. c-io Accius ?; Anicius; Apicius; Cædicius; Cincius; Cornificius 946

horn maker? (cornu- făcěre); Děcius; Fabricius (fabro-, workman); Genucius; Larcius; Lūcius, præn. (lūc-, light?); Maccius (macco-, buffoon); Marcius (Marco-); Minūcius; Mūcius; Nůmīcius; Plancius (Planco-); Poblicivs (publico-); Porcius (porco-, pig); Roscius; Tuccius (Tucca-); Sulpicius; Vinicius. g-io Maglus; Sergius ; Valgius (valgo-, bowlegged). t-io Aebutius; Antistius (antistět-, priest); Arruntius; Attius?; 947

Cătius (căto-, sharp); Cluentius (cluenti- client); Curiatlus; Curtius (curto-, clipt); Digitius (digito- finger); Domitius (dômito-, tamed); Egnātius; Grātius (grāto-, pleasing); Hðrātius; Hirtius (hirto-, shaggy); Hostius; Instantius (instanti-, urgent); Juventius (jůvěn-, young); Lucrētius; Lůtātius; Matius; Mūnātius; Nautius (nauta-, sailor); Plautius or Plotius (plauto-, flat); Pontius (for Pomptius ? cf. § 951); Potītius (potīto-, won); Propertius; Qvinctius (avincto-, fifth); Sallustius; Scaptius ; Sentius ; Sextius or Sestius (sextő- sixth); Stātius; Terentius; Titius (Tito); Trèbātiue; Vegetius (věgěto-, active); Vettius. d-io Aufidius; Calidius (călido-, hot); Cānidia (cāno-, hoary);

Claudius or Clodius (claudo-, lame); Considius (Conso-); Cordius (cord-, heart); Falcidius (falci-, reaping-hook); Füfidius (Fufio-?); Helvidius (helvo-, yellow); Nigidius; Ovidius (ovi-, sheep?); Pědius (pēd-, foot); Ventidius (vento-, wind?); Vettidius; Vibidius. 0-10 Afrānius; Annius (anno-, year ?); Antonius; Apronius ; 948

Asinius (ăsino-, ass); Autronius; Calpurnius; Caninius ; Cansus; Cilnius; Comịnius; Coponius (cõpon-, inn-keeper ?); Cosconius ; Cossinius (cosso-, wrinkled?); Ennius; Fannius; Feronia, an Italian goddess; Flāminius (flāměn-, priest); Fundānius; Furnius (furno-, oven); Gabinius; Geganius; Herennius (hērēd-, heir? comp. mercennarius); Jūnius (jůvěn-, young); Lěmônia, a tribe; Licinius (licino-, curled upwards); Mænius; Magulnius; Mānius, præn. (māni-, morning); Měnēnius; Nõnius (nono-, ninth); Papinius; Pě. trònius (petron-, rustic?); Plinius; Pomponius; Pupinia, a tribe; Scrībānius; Sempronius; Sicinius; Sinnlus; Stertinius (stertěre,

1 The poet's name is written both Attius and Accius. In Greek "Αττιoς only is found.

snore?); Svētānius; Tarqvinius; Titinius; Trebonius; Vătinius ; Verginius; Vinius (vino-, wine?); Vipsānius; Voconius; Voltinia, a tribe; Volumnius. l-io Acīlius; Ælius; Æmilius (æmŭlo-, rival); Aquilius or 949

Aquillius (aqvila-?, eagle); Arelius; Aurélius; Cæcillus; Cæmilia, a tribe; Carvillius; Cascellius; Coellus; Cornēlius; Duilius or Duelllus (duello-, war); Gellius; Hostillus (hosti-, enemy?); Julius; Lælius; Lollius; Lūcīlius (Lūcio-?); Mælius; Mamilius; Mānīlius (Mānio-); Manlius; Orbilius; Otācílius; Petilius or PetilIlus; Pætēllus; Pollia, a tribe; Pompilius; Popilius or Põpillius (populo-, people); Publius, præn. (populo-, people); Publilius (Pub110-); Qvinctillus; Rõmilius (Romŭlo-); Rūpīlius; Rŭtilius; Servīlius; Sextilius (sexto-); Silius (sīlo-, flatnosed); Statilius (Stātio-); Tigelllus; Trébellius; Tullius Tullo-); Turpilius (turpis foul); Vergilius; Villus; Vitellius (vitello-, egg-yolk). r-io Arrius; Curlus; Fūrius (für- thief?); Galeria, a tribe; 950

Hatěrius; Láběrius; Ligarius; Māmůrius (Ov.) or Mamūrius (Prop.); Mărius (mări-, sea); Massurius (Măsůrius, Pers.); Mercúrius; Něrius; Numèrius (præn.); Nůmitorius; Păpīrius; Pinarius; Plætorius; Răbīrius (răbie-? madness); Rubrius (rubro-, red); Sertorius; Spurius, præn. illegitimate; Ståběrius; Tiberius, præn. (Tiběrl-, the Tiber); Titurius; Vălerius; Vărius, spotted; Verrius (verri- a boar); Věturius. 8-10 Cæslus (bluish grey? or from cæso-, slain?); Cassius

(casso-, empty); Hortensius (horto-, garden); Persius

(Persa-, Persian); Sosius. a-lo Gaius (comp. Gavius) præn.; Malus (increasing, from

måg-, $ 129. 2 d); Staius. e-io Appuleius (Appulo-, Apulian?); Atelus; Canulefus ; Con

suleius; Cocceius; Fonteius; Lucceius; Pompeius (comp. pomptis = qvinqve, $ 118, 2); Rabúleius (rabula-, pettifogger); Saufeius; Seius; Velleius; Venuleius; Volteius.

CHAPTER X.

VERB-STEMS.

a

I.

Simple verbs may be divided into four classes, according as they 952 are formed:

(1) by union of a root directly with the suffixes of inflexion:
(2) by the addition of a verbal stem-suffix to a root:
(3) by the addition of a verbal stem-suffix to a noun-stem:

(4) by the addition of a special derivative-suffix (as well as a verbal stem-suffix) to a root.

Those verbs whose precise origin is obscure may be presumed to belong really to one of these classes,

The first of these classes contains what are probably the 953 oldest verbs in the language. Many of these verbs exhibit, when the inflexional suffixes are stripped off, a form different from what we may imagine to be the simple root. Such differences are partly due to modifications, either in fact (e. g. vinc-ere, vic-tum), or in origin (e. g. jung-ere, from root jug-), belonging to the present stem only, and therefore in the sphere of inflexion rather than of derivation: and partly due to early modifications of the root in order to suit a different shade or turn of the radical conception (comp. verr-ěre with vert-ere). In some cases the apparent root may conceal a compound or derivative origin.

The second class contains verbs with each of the stem suffixes, e. g. amāre, cúbāre; argu-ere, minu-ere; tenēre, cărēre; věnīre, fărire. In some cases the stem-suffix is constant in all parts of the verb; in others it is confined to the present tense. This inconstancy may be accounted for on the presumption that the stemsuffix was originally a tense-suffix only, or that its use was the result of a gradual growth, and therefore precarious and uncertain in its occurrence. In this class of e verbs, the e is constant only where it is radical.

2.

e

a

3. The third class contains the great majority of the a verbs and a considerable number of e verbs. In some cases the noun from which the verb might naturally be derived is not found, but the verb is formed on the analogy of others.

4. The fourth class can hardly be said to exist at all unless the frequentative verbs ($S 964–966) be referred to it and not to the third class. The other verbs with derivative suffixes named below (8$ 962, 963, 967–969) may probably be considered as presuming noun-stems as their origin. The suffix sc ($ 978) is more properly an inflexional than a derivative suffix.

The following lists contain chiefly verbs of the third and fourth 954 classes, and those verbs of the second class in which the stem-suffix is constant. The other verbs of the second class (with some exceptions, chiefly of 1 verbs) and the verbs of the first class are omitted here, being already enumerated in Book II. Chap. xxx. (also in XXI. and xxi11.).

The verbs will be arranged here under their stem-suffixes (not in the above-named classes).

955

i. Verbs with -a stems.
(1) from substantives with -a stems:

ancillari, be a handmaid; ănimare, fill with breath; aquari, fetch water ; bullare (also bullire), bubble; călumniari, bring false charges; căvillari, jest; causari, give as a reason ; cēnare, sup; centuriare, divide into centuries; comāre, furnish with hair (only in participles); convivari, banquet with others; copúlare, unite ; coronare, crown; culpare, blame ; cūrare, take charge of ; diffāmare, spread abroad (tāma); effeminare, make thoroughly womanish; ěpúlari, feast; fabricare, fashion ; fābůlari, converse; fériari, keep holiday ; figūrare, form; flammare, blaze; formare, mould; formi. care, creep like ants ; fortūnare, bless; fūgare, put to fight; fŭriare, drive mad; gemmare, bud; gloriari, boast; infitiari, equivocate ; insidiari, put an ambush; lăcrimare, weep; lībrare, balance ; lineare, make straight; līmare, to file; luxúriare, be rank; lirare, plough-in seed; māchinari, contrive; măcălare, spot; mātěriari, fell wood; mētari, measure; minari, threaten ; morari, delay; multare, fine, punish; nauseare, be sea-sick ; notare, mark; nūgari, trifle; nundinari, attend market, traffic; oblitterare, cover with letters, obliterate ; occare, hoe ; opěrari, be busy; plantare, plant ; prædart, make booty; pugnare, fight; quadrare, make, or be, square ; rimari, root out, search (rīma, chink); rixari, quarrel; rotare, wheel; rügare, wrinkle; săginare, fatten; scintillare, sparkle ;