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Neuter: aud-itor-ium, a lecture-room; adju-tor-ium (post-Aug.), assistance; cena-toria (pl.), dinner dress; condi-tor-ium, a storebouse; devor-sor-ium, an inn; dirib-Itōr-ium, a ballot-distributing place; portorium, a toll (harbour or gate toll? portu-, porta-); præ-tor-ium, the general's tent; promunt-ōr-ium (promunturium, Fleck.), a headland (prominere?); reposi-tōr-ium, a dumbwaiter; sēclu-sōrium (Varr.), a place of retreat (secluso-); tec-tor-ium, plaster of walls (tecto-); tentōr-ium, a tent (tento-); territorium, a territory (terr-ere? i.e. a place from which people are warned off). plebeius, of the commons (plebe-). For proper names see § 951.

-eio

Compound stem-endings: -lăco, § 775; -iensi, § 815; -iāno, § 832; -ieno, § 837; -iōn, -ciōn, -tiōn (-siōn), § 852-854.

iii. Proper names with stems ending in -10.

A vast number of Roman names have stems ending in -10. They are properly adjectives, and the suffix -io is probably the same1 as the genitival suffix seen in illius (illo-ius), cuius (quo-ius; also used as adjective, § 379), &c.1 Thus Claud-ius is of Lame, i. e. (often) Lame's son (comp. John Williams = William's John).

Most of these names are clan-names, i.e. nomina in the strict sense. Some are prænomina. (These have here 'præn.' appended).

The names are selected principally from those occurring in the Corp. Inscr. Lat. Vol. I., especially in the Fasti. Few are postAugustan only. The quantity of the vowels is marked only when distinct authority for it, either from poetry or Greek transcription, has been found.

p-io

b-io

m-10

V-10

944

Ampius; Appius (præn.); Oppius; Pāpius; Pūpius; Ulpius. 945
Albius (albo- white); Bæbius; Făbius (făba-, bean); Vībius.
Memmius; Mummius; Opimius (õpimo-, fat); Postumius
(postůmo- last); Septimius (septimo-, seventh).

Băvius; Flavius (flavo- yellow); Fulvius (fulvo- tawny);
Gavius (probably same as Gaius: comp. gau-dium, yaûpos,
yalew); Helvius (helvo- yellow); Līvius (comp. līvēre,

1 Key, Proc. Phil. Soc. for 1856, p. 239.

f-io c-io

to be blue); Mævius; Nævius (nævo- wart); Nõvius (novo-, new); Octavius (octavo-, eighth), Pacuvius; Salvius (salvo- safe); Servius, præn. (servo-, slave); Silvius (silva-, a wood); Vitruvius.

Alfius; Füfius.

Accius1; Anicius; Apicius; Cædicius; Cincius; Cornificius 946 horn maker? (cornu- făcĕre); Děcius; Fabricius (fabro-, workman); Genucius; Larcius; Lucius, præn. (lúc-, light?); Maccius (macco-, buffoon); Marcius (Marco-); Minucius; Mucius; Numīcius; Plancius (Planco-); Poblicivs (publico-); Porcius (porco-, pig); Roscius; Tuccius (Tucca-); Sulpicius; Vinicius.

g-10 t-io

Magius; Sergius; Valgius (valgo-, bowlegged).

Aebutius; Antistius (antistĕt-, priest); Arruntius; Attius1; 947 Cătius (căto-, sharp); Cluentius (cluenti- client); Curiatlus; Curtius (curto-, clipt); Digitius (digito- finger); Domitius (domito-, tamed); Egnatius; Grātius (grāto-, pleasing); Horatius; Hirtius (hirto-, shaggy); Hostius; Instantius (instanti-, urgent); Juventius (jůvěn-, young); Lücrētius; Lutātius; Matius; Mūnātius; Nautius (nauta-, sailor); Plautius or Plōtius (plauto-, flat); Pontius (for Pomptius? cf. § 951); Põtītius (põtīto-, won); Propertius; Qvinctius (qvincto-, fifth); Sallustius; Scaptius; Sentius; Sextius or Sestius (sextō- sixth); Stātius; Terentius; Tītius (Tito-); Trebatius; Vegetius (věgěto-, active); Vettius.

d-io

Aufidius; Calidius (călido-, hot); Canidia (cano-, hoary); Claudius or Clōdius (claudo-, lame); Considius (Conso-); Cordius (cord-, heart); Falcidius (falci-, reaping-hook); Füfidius (Fufio-?); Helvidius (helvo-, yellow); Nigidius; Ovidius (ŏvi-, sheep?); Pědius (pěd-, foot); Ventidius (vento-, wind?); Vettidius;

Vibidius.

n-io

Afrānius; Annius (anno-, year?); Antonius; Apronius; 948 Asinius (ǎsino-, ass); Autronius; Calpurnius; Caninius; Canius; Cilnius; Cominius; Coponius (cōpōn-, inn-keeper ?); Coscōnius; Cossinius (cosso-. wrinkled?); Ennius; Fannius; Feronia, an Italian goddess; Flāmĭnius (flāměn-, priest); Fundānius; Furnius (furno-, oven); Gabinius; Geganius; Herennius (hērēd-, heir? comp. mercennarius); Jūnius (jŭvěn-, young); Lěmōnia, a tribe; Licinius (licino-, curled upwards); Menius; Magulnius; Manius, præn. (māni-, morning); Měnēnius; Nōnius (nōno-, ninth); Papinius; Pětrōnius (petrōn-, rustic?); Plinius; Pomponius; Pupinia, a tribe; Scribōnius; Sempronius; Sicinius; Sinnius; Stertinius (stertère,

1 The poet's name is written both Attius and Accius. In Greek "ATTIOS only is found.

snore?); Svētōnius; Tarqvinius; Titinius; Trèbōnius; Vătinius; Verginius; Vinius (vino-, wine?); Vipsanius; Vocōnius; Voltinia, a tribe; Volumnius.

1-10

Acilius; Ælius; Æmilius (æmulo-, rival); Aquilius or 949 Aquillius (aqvila-?, eagle); Arelius; Aurelius; Cæcilius; Cæmilia, a tribe; Carvillius; Cascellius; Cœlius; Cornēlius; Duilius or Duellius (duello-, war); Gellius; Hostilius (hosti-, enemy?); Julius; Lælius; Lollius; Lucilius (Lucio-?); Mælius; Mamilius; Mānīlius (Mānio-); Manlius; Orbilius; Otacilius; Petilius or Petillius; Pœtēlius; Pollia, a tribe; Pompilius; Popilius or Põpillius (populo-, people); Publius, præn. (popůlo-, people); Publilius (Publio-); Qvinctilius; Rōmilius (Rōmülo-); Rupilius; Rutilius; Servīlius; Sextilius (sexto-); Sīlius (sīlo-, flatnosed); Statilius (Stātio-); Tigellius; Trebellius; Tullius (Tullo-); Turpilius (turpi-, foul); Vergilius; Villius; Vitell us (vitello-, egg-yolk).

r-io

Arrius; Cărius; Fürius (für- thief?); Galeria, a tribe; 950 Hatĕrius; Lăběrius; Ligarius; Māmŭrius (Ov.) or Māmūrius (Prop.); Mărius (mări-, sea); Massurius (Măsărius, Pers.); Mercurius; Nĕrius; Numĕrius (præn.); Nümitōrius; Păpīrius; Pīnarius; Plætorius; Răbīrius (răbie-? madness); Rubrius (rubro-, red); Sertōrius; Spurius, præn. illegitimate; Stăběrius; Tiberius, præn. (Tibĕrl-, the Tiber); Titurius; Vălĕrius; Vărius, spotted; Verrius (verri- a boar); Věturius.

8-10

a-10

e-io

Cesius (bluish grey? or from cæso-, slain?); Cassius (casso-, empty); Hortensius (horto-, garden); Persius (Persa-, Persian); Sõsius.

Gaius (comp. Gavius) præn.; Malus (increasing, from mǎg-, § 129. 2 d); Staius.

Appuleius (Appulo-, Apulian?); Ateius; Canuleius; Con- 951 suleius; Cocceius; Fonteius; Lucceius; Pompeius (comp. pomptis = qvinqve, § 118, 2); Rabŭleius (rabula-, pettifogger); Saufeius; Seius; Velleius; Venuleius; Volteius.

CHAPTER X.

VERB-STEMS.

Simple verbs may be divided into four classes, according as they 952 are formed:

(1) by union of a root directly with the suffixes of inflexion: (2) by the addition of a verbal stem-suffix to a root:

(3) by the addition of a verbal stem-suffix to a noun-stem:

(4) by the addition of a special derivative-suffix (as well as a verbal stem-suffix) to a root.

Those verbs whose precise origin is obscure may be presumed to belong really to one of these classes.

I. The first of these classes contains what are probably the 953 oldest verbs in the language. Many of these verbs exhibit, when the inflexional suffixes are stripped off, a form different from what we may imagine to be the simple root. Such differences are partly due to modifications, either in fact (e. g. vinc-ere, vic-tum), or in origin (e. g. jung-ere, from root jug-), belonging to the present stem only, and therefore in the sphere of inflexion rather than of derivation: and partly due to early modifications of the root in order to suit a different shade or turn of the radical conception (comp. verr-ĕre with vert-ere). In some cases the apparent root may conceal a compound or derivative origin.

2. The second class contains verbs with each of the stem suffixes, e. g. amāre, cùbāre; argu-ere, minu-ere; tenere, cărēre; věnīre, fĕrire. In some cases the stem-suffix is constant in all parts of the verb; in others it is confined to the present tense. This inconstancy may be accounted for on the presumption that the stemsuffix was originally a tense-suffix only, or that its use was the result of a gradual growth, and therefore precarious and uncertain in its occurrence. In this class of e verbs, the e is constant only where it is radical.

3. The third class contains the great majority of the a verbs and a considerable number of e verbs. In some cases the noun from which the verb might naturally be derived is not found, but the verb is formed on the analogy of others.

4. The fourth class can hardly be said to exist at all unless the frequentative verbs (§§ 964-966) be referred to it and not to the third class. The other verbs with derivative suffixes named below (§§ 962, 963, 967-969) may probably be considered as presuming noun-stems as their origin. The suffix sc (§ 978) is more properly an inflexional than a derivative suffix.

The following lists contain chiefly verbs of the third and fourth 954 classes, and those verbs of the second class in which the stem-suffix is constant. The other verbs of the second class (with some exceptions, chiefly of 1 verbs) and the verbs of the first class are omitted here, being already enumerated in Book II. Chap. xxx. (also in XXI. and XXIII.).

The verbs will be arranged here under their stem-suffixes (not in the above-named classes).

i. Verbs with a stems.

(1) from substantives with -a stems:

ancillari, be a handmaid; ănimare, fill with breath; aquari, fetch water; bullare (also bullire), bubble; călumniari, bring false charges; cavillari, jest; causari, give as a reason; cenare, sup; centuriare, divide into centuries; còmāre, furnish with hair (only in participles); convivari, banquet with others; copulare, unite; cōrōnare, crown; culpare, blame; curare, take charge of; diffamare, spread abroad (fāma); effēminare, make thoroughly womanish; ěpůlari, feast; fabricare, fashion; fabŭlari, converse; fēriari, keep holiday; figürare, form; flammare, blaze; formare, mould; formicare, creep like ants; fortunare, bless; fugare, put to flight; fùriare, drive mad; gemmare, bud; glōriari, boast; infitiari, equivocate; insidiari, put an ambush; lăcrimare, weep; librare, balance; lineare, make straight; limare, to file; luxuriare, be rank; lirare, plough-in seed; machinari, contrive; măculare, spot; mātěriari, fell wood; metari, measure; minari, threaten; morari, delay; multare, fine, punish; nauseare, be sea-sick; nõtare, mark; nūgari, trifle; nundinari, attend market, traffic; oblitterare, cover with letters, obliterate; occare, hoe; opěrari, be busy; plantare, plant; prædari, make booty; pugnare, fight; quadrare, make, or be, square; rimari, root out, search (rima, chink); rixari, quarrel; rotare, wheel; rügare, wrinkle; sǎginare, fatten; scintillare, sparkle;

955

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