Secondly, from uttering one or more elements that

should not be sounded; as,

IN

ANALYSIS OF WORDS.

N order to secure a practical knowledge of the preceding definitions and tables, to learn to spell spoken words by their oral elements, and to understand the

uses of letters in written words, the instructor will require the student to master the following exhaustive, though simple analysis.

ANALYSIS.-1st. The word SALVE, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of three oral elements; sävsalve. [Here let the student utter the three oral elements separately, and then pronounce the word.] The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The third is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic.

2d. The word SALVE, in writing, is represented by the letters; salve-salve. S represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the first oral element of z; hence, it is a cognate of z. A represents a tonic; hence, it is a vowel. L is silent. V represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lower lip and the upper teeth; hence, it is a labio-dental. Its oral element is formed by the same organs and in a similar manner as that ofƒ; hence, it is a cognate off. E is silent.

ANALYSIS.-1st. The word SHOE, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of two oral elements; sho-shoe. The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic.

2d. The word SHOE, in writing, is represented by the letters, shoe-shoe. The combination sh represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the second oral element represented by z; hence, it is a cognate of z. The combination oe is formed by the union of two vowels, one of which is silent; hence, it is an improper diphthong. It represents the oral element usually represented by o; hence, it is an alphabetic equivalent of ọ.

VIII.

RULES IN ARTICULATION.

AS the Name of a Letter, or when used as an emphatic word, should be pronounced ā (ā in āge); as, She did not say that the three boys knew the letter ā, but that a boy knew it.

1

2. The Word A, when not emphatic, is marked short (ă),1 though in quality it should be pronounced nearly like a as heard in åsk, gråss; as,

Give a baby sister ǎ smile, ǎ kind word, and ǎ kiss.

3. The, when not emphatic nor immediately followed by a word that commences with a vowel sound, should be pronounced thŭ; as,

The (thů) peach, the (thů) plum, the apple, and the (thŭ) cherry are yours. Did he ask for a pen, or for the pen?

4. U Preceded by R.-When u long (u in tūbe), or its alphabetic equivalent ew, is preceded by r, or the sound of sh, in the same syllable, it has always the sound of o in dọ; as,

Are you sure that shrewd youth was rude?

5. R may be Trilled when immediately followed by a vowel sound in the same syllable. When thus situated in emphatic words, it should always be trilled; as, He is both brave and true. She said scratching, not scrawling.

IX.

EXERCISES IN ARTICULATION.

ILENT Letters are here omitted, and the words are spelled as they should be pronounced. Students will read the sentences several times, both separately and in concert, uttering all the oral elements with force and distinctness. They will also analyze the words

1 A initial.—A in many words, as an initial unaccented syllable, is also marked short (ă), its quantity

or volume of sound being less than that of a sixth power (å), as in ǎlås, ămåss, ăbåft.

both as spoken and written, and name the rules in articulation that are illustrated by the exercises.

1. It must be sō.

2. Thŭ bōld båd bạiz brōk bōlts ånd bärz.

3. Thŭ rōgz rusht round thů růf rěd rõks. 4. Hi Ŏn ǎ hil Hū hẽrd hạrsěz harni hofs. 5. Shor al her päthz är päthz Ŏv pēs. 6. Bä! that'z not siks dŏllärz, but a dŏllär. 7. Chärj the old măn tọ chọz ă chạšs chẽ. 8. Līt sēking lit, hath lit Ŏv līt bēgīld. 9. Both'z yoths with troths yūz wikěd ōthz. 10. Arm it with rǎgz, ǎ pigmi stra wil pērs it. 11. Nou sět thủ tếth ănd strěch thủ nostril wid. 12. He wŏcht and wěpt, he felt and prad far all. 13. Hiz iz ămidst thủ mists, mězhērd ăn ăzhēr ski. 14. Thŭ whālz wheld and whẽrld, and bârd thâr brad, broun băks.

15. Jilz and Jasn Jōnz kăn not sā,—Arōrå, ålås, ămås, mănnå, villȧ, nar, Lūnȧ.

16. Thŭ strīf sẽseth, pēs apprōchěth, and thŭ gụd mãn rejaisěth.

17. Thŭ shrod shroz båd him sã thắt thủ vil vìksnz yūzd shrugz, ǎnd shärp, shril shrēks.

18. Shorli, thō wọnděd, thů prodent rēkrot wụd not et that krod frot.

19. Amidst thŭ mists ånd kōlděst frosts, with bârěst rists and stoutěst bōsts, he fhrusts hiz fists ăgĕnst thŭ posts, and still insists hē sēz thủ gōsts.

20. A starm arīzeth ăn thủ sẽ. A moděl věssěl iz struggling amidst thŭ wạr Ŏv ělěměnts, kwĭvering ănd shivering, shringking and battling lik ǎ thingking being.

21. Chast-id, cherisht Ches! Thŭ charmz Ŏv thi chekerd chamberz chan mẽ chanjlěsli. Far the är thu chǎplěts Ŏv chanles chărită ǎnd thu chălis ov childlik cherfulněs. Chānj kăn nốt chānj thẽ: from childhud to thủ chärnĕl-hous, from our ferst childish cherpingz tọ thủ chilz Ŏv thŭ cherch-yärd, thou ärt our chēri chēftinės.

II. SYLLABICATION.

I.

DEFINITIONS.

SYLLABLE is a word, or part of a word, uttered by a single impulse of the voice.

2. A Monosyllable is a word of one syllable; as, it. 3. A Dissyllable is a word of two syllables; as, lil-y. 4. A Trisyllable is a word of three syllables; as, con-fine-ment.

5. A Polysyllable is a word of four or more syllables; as, in-no-cen-cy, un-in-tel-li-gi-bil-i-ty.

6. The Ultimate is the last syllable of a word; as, ful, in peace-ful.

7. The Penult, or penultimate, is the last syllable but one of a word: as māk, in peace-mak-er.

8. The Antepenult, or antepenultimate, is the last syllable but two of a word; as ta, in spon-ta-ne-ous. 9. The Preantepenult is the last syllable but three of a word; as cab, in vo-cab-u-la-ry.

I

II.

RULES IN SYLLABICATION.

NITIAL CONSONANTS.-The elements of consonants that commence words should be uttered distinctly, but should not be much prolonged.

2. Final Consonants.-Elements that are represented by final consonants should be dwelt upon, and uttered with great distinctness; as,

He gets gold, and attempts by his acts to conceal his faults. 3. When one Word of a Sentence ends and the next begins with the same consonant, or another that is hard to produce after it, a difficulty in utterance arises that should be obviated by dwelling on the final consonant, and then taking up the one at the beginning of