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second instance to the eye, which is fitted to receive it (aiantıkòv ein tậ ἐκεῖνο μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ αἰσθητοῦ πάσχειν καὶ κινεῖσθαι αὐτὸ δ ̓ ὑπ ̓ ἐκείνου). Thus the operation of perception is not unlike that of producing an impression in wax only whereas the impression in wax does not continue to propagate itself after the object which produces the impression is removed, air is much more susceptible to impressions, and èπì πdeîotov Kɩveîtai. Thus then, Aristotle concludes, we may compare the manner in which a visible object communicates its impressions through the air to the eye, to an impression in wax which passes through the wax to the outer surface of it, and leaves its final stamp upon the paper or other material on which the wax is placed (ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ τὸ ἐν τῷ κηρῷ σημεῖον διεδίδοτο μέχρι τοῦ πέρατος).

CHAPTER XIII.

This chapter sums up the results of the Psychology by shewing how the sense of touch is what determines ultimately the sensitive organism. It is touch (1) which shews that the animal organism cannot consist of one element only it is touch alone among the senses which coincides in its annihilation with the annihilation of life in general.

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§ 1. 43511. ὅτι δ ̓ οὐχ οἷόν τε ἁπλοῦν εἶναι τὸ τοῦ ζῴου σώμα, κ.τ.λ.] Aristotle's argument is to the following effect. Touch is requisite to animal existence touch cannot be reduced to one single element (earth): therefore the animal body cannot be resolved into one single element. The main point of the argument lies, of course, in shewing that touch cannot, as might at first be thought, consist of only one element. To do this, Aristotle points out that all the other elements have been already used up in explaining the composition of the other organs of sense, which, however, produce perception mediately. Touch, however, produces perception by immediate contact: and therefore would have to be ascribed to earth alone. But earth alone is insufficient to explain its operation: it receives and perceives not only the difference of earth (hard and soft, &c.) but also the qualities of hot and cold. Thus then touch, the essential condition of animal life, cannot be composed of earth alone and consequently the animal body cannot consist of one single element.

APPENDIX A.

THE ADDITIONAL VERSION OF MS. E.

The Paris MS. known as E contains the fragment of what Torstrik imagined to be a second alternative version of several passages of the Psychology. It may be useful to the student to have this second version printed alongside of the ordinary text.

THE ORDINARY TEXT.

Ι.

4123-12.

Β, Ι. § 1-3.

Τὰ μὲν δὴ ὑπὸ τῶν πρότερον παραδεδομένα περὶ ψυ χῆς εἰρήσθω· πάλιν δ ̓ ὥσπερ ἐξ ὑπαρχῆς ἐπανίωμεν, πει5 ρώμενοι διορίσαι τί ἐστι ψυχὴ καὶ τίς ἂν εἴη κοινότατος λόγος αὐτῆς. λέγομεν δὴ γένος ἕν τι τῶν ὄντων τὴν οὐσίαν, ταύτης δὲ τὸ μὲν ὡς ὕλην, ὃ καθ ̓ αὑτὸ μὲν οὐκ ἔστι τόδε τι, ἕτερον δὲ μορφὴν καὶ εἶδος, καθ ̓ ἣν ἤδη λέγεται τόδε τι, καὶ τρίτον τὸ ἐκ τούτων. ἔστι δ ̓ ἡ μὲν ὕλη δύναμις, τὸ το δ ̓ εἶδος ἐντελέχεια, καὶ τοῦτο διχῶς, τὸ μὲν ὡς ἐπιστήμη, τὸ δ ̓ ὡς τὸ θεωρεῖν. οὐσίαι δὲ μάλιστ ̓ εἶναι δοκοῦσι τὰ σώματα, καὶ τούτων τὰ φυσικά· ταῦτα γὰρ τῶν ἄλλων ἀρχαί.

II.

414 13-416 8.

B, III. § 3-IV. § 7. ὁ δὲ χυμὸς οἷον ἥδυσμά τι τούτων ἐστίν. διασαφητέον δὲ περὶ αὐτῶν ὕστερον, νῦν δ ̓ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον 15 εἰρήσθω, ὅτι τῶν ζῴων τοῖς ἔχουσιν ἁφὴν καὶ ὄρεξις ὑπάρ χει. περὶ δὲ φαντασίας ἄδηλον, ὕστερον δ ̓ ἐπισκεπτέον. ἐνίοις δὲ πρὸς τούτοις ὑπάρχει καὶ τὸ κατὰ τόπον κινητικόν, ἑτέροις δὲ καὶ τὸ διανοητικόν τε καὶ νοῦς, οἷον ἀνθρώποις καὶ εἴ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερόν ἐστιν ἢ καὶ τιμιώτερον. δῆλον οὖν ὅτι τὸν 20 αὐτὸν τρόπον εἷς ἂν εἴη λόγος ψυχῆς τε καὶ σχήματος. οὔτε γὰρ ἐκεῖ σχῆμα παρὰ τὸ τρίγωνόν ἐστι καὶ τὰ ἐφεξῆς, οὔτ ̓ ἐνταῦθα ψυχὴ παρὰ τὰς εἰρημένας. γένοιτο δ ̓ ἂν καὶ

THE ADDITIONAL VERSION.

Ι.

Β, Ι. § 1-3.

E. fol. 186 vo.

Ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ παραδεδομένα περὶ ψυχῆς παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων, ἐφ ̓ ὅσον ἕκαστος ἀπεφήνατο τῶν πρότερον, εἴρηται σχεδόν, νῦν ὥσπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς πάλιν ἐπανίωμεν πειρώμενοι διορίσαι τί ἐστιν ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τίς ἂν εἴη λόγος αὐτῆς κονότατος (sic) χωρίζομεν δὴ τὰς μὲν οὐσίας ἀπὸ τῶν ὄντων τῶν ἄλλων· 5 τῆς δὲ οὐσίας τὸ μὲν ὡς ὕλην λέγεσθαι τίθεμεν, ὃ καθ ̓ αὑτὸ [The MS. is defective; Torstrik conjectures: μὲν οὐκ ἔστι τόδε τι, τὸ] δὲ ἡ μορφή, τὸ δ ̓ ἐκ τούτων. ἔστι δ ̓ ἡ μὲν ὕλη δυνάμει, τὸ δ ̓ εἶδος ἐντελέχεια, αὕτη δ ̓ ὑπάρχει διχῶς, ἡ γὰρ ὡς ἡ ἐπιστήμη, ἡ ὡς τὸ θεωρεῖν. οὐσίαι δὲ μάλιστα δοκοῦσιν το εἶναι τὰ σώματα καὶ τούτων τὰ φυσικά· ἀρχαὶ γὰρ ... At this point the MS. becomes imperfect, only the first four or five letters of each line being preserved on the one side, the last four or five on the other.

II.

B, III. § 3-IV. § 7.

Ε. fol. 1 r.

δὲ χυμὸς ὥσπερ ἥδυσμα τούτοις

ἐστίν· διόπερ ὅσα ἔχει τῶν ζῴων ἁφήν, πᾶσιν ὑπάρχει καὶ ὄρεξις. περὶ δὲ φαντασίας ἄδηλον καὶ ὕστερον ἐπισκεπτέον. ἐνίοις δὲ ταῦτά τε ὑπάρχει καὶ τὸ κατὰ τόπον κινητικόν, τοῖς δ ̓ ἐπι (sic) πρὸς τούτοις διάνοια καὶ νοῦς, οἷον ἀνθρώπῳ καὶ 5 εἴ τι ἄλλο ζῷον ἕτερόν ἐστι τοιοῦτον ἢ καὶ τιμιώτερον. δῆλον οὖν ὡς ὁμοίως σχήματος καὶ ψυχῆς εἷς ἂν εἴη λόγος.

οὔτε γὰρ ἐκεῖ σχῆμα παρὰ τρίγωνόν ἐστι καὶ τὰ ἐφεξῆς, οὔτ ̓ ἐνταῦθα ψυχὴ παρὰ τὰς εἰρημένας. γένοιτο δ ̓ ἂν καὶ

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